Download Nickel 28 Ni 58.693

Earth Systems
Chapter 3 Study Guide
Matter is anything that…
Three states of matter:
**how matter can be found on Earth
Matter can be broken down into its simple parts called
__________.
Each element on the periodic table has its own
___________.
How many elements can be found naturally?
has mass and takes up space.
1) solid
2) liquid
3) gas
elements
properties
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*others are synthetic (man-made)
Elements are made up of __________.
Atoms are made of charged ____________.
Particles in an atom:
atoms
particles
protons, neutrons, electrons
protons







neutrons
electrons
Atoms are electrically neutral because they have the
same number of _____ and ______.
Valence electrons
(+ charge)
found in the nucleus
(no charge)
found in the nucleus
(- charge)
much smaller than other particles
move very fast in orbitals (energy levels) around
the nucleus (exact speed & position cannot be
measured)
protons and electrons
electrons in the outermost orbital/energy level
Elements with full outermost energy levels are
____________.
Where can information on each element be found?
unreactive
Elements are arranged on the periodic table according
to their __________.
Label the following:
symbol
atomic mass
atomic number
atomic numbers
Atomic number:
Tells us the # of _______ in the nucleus and
the # of _______ in the orbitals.
Atomic mass:
Tells us the # of _____ & ____ in the nucleus.
(# protons in nucleus) & (# electrons in the
orbitals/energy levels)
Isotopes are formed when an element loses or gains
_________.
neutrons
on the periodic table
Nickel
28
Ni
58.693
(#protons + #neutrons)
What is an isotope?
atoms of the same element that have different mass
numbers
**isotopes will have the same characteristics
**Ex: Cl-35 and Cl-37 are chlorine isotopes
Ions form when atoms gain or lose __________ from
their outermost energy level.
If an atom loses an electron, it will be _____ charged.
electrons
If an atom gains an electron, it will be _____ charged.
negatively charged
What are the most abundant elements in the universe?
hydrogen and helium
Most of the rocks and minerals on Earth’s crust
contain which two elements?
Atoms become stable when they have ___ electrons in
their outermost energy level.
How are compounds formed?
What is a compound?
oxygen and silicon
Types of bonds:
Covalent bonds form when atoms share ___________.
What is a polar molecule?
positively charged
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*atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons
Compounds are formed when the atoms of two or more
elements combine. Compounds will have different
properties than the elements they are made from.
1. Covalent bonds
2. Ionic bonds
3. Metallic bonds
Valence electrons
Ionic bonds form between…
When the sharing in covalent bonds is not equal, one
atom has a stronger pull on the electrons. This creates
a polar molecule and the molecule will have a bent
shape.
positive and negative ions
Metallic bonds form between __________.
*Ex: NaCl = Na+ and Clmetals
*The free movement of electrons allows metals to conduct
electricity.
Chemical reactions occur when…
one or more substances change into a different
substance.
Identify the products and the reactants:
A + B

C
reactants
product
How many oxygen atoms are produced in the reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2
Is a mixture a chemical reaction?
12 oxygen atoms are produced (**product side)
Types of mixtures:
Heterogeneous mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures
What is a heterogeneous mixture? Give an example.
A mixture in which individual substances can be seen
so they can be physically separated into individual
NO
substances
Ex: salad dressing, Chex mix, trail mix
What is a homogeneous mixture? Give an example.
Homogeneous mixtures are also called solutions.
The mixture is uniform, so individual particles cannot
be seen
Ex:
Three states of matter
solid
1.
2.
3.



liquid
salt water
sweet tea
solid
liquid
gas
particles are densely packed
solids have a definite shape & do not take the
shape of their container
particles can be arranged randomly or in a certain
pattern (such as a crystal)
Matter changes form when ____________ changes.
particles are loosely packed
liquids do not have a definite shape & take the
shape of their container
 particles are spaced far apart
 gases do not have a definite shape
 they fill their container (particles spread out)
temperature
melting
solid

liquid (due to heating)
evaporation
liquid

gas (due to heating)
condensation
gas
in melting and evaporation, thermal energy is
________ (absorbed, released)
in condensation, thermal energy is ________
(absorbed, released)
absorbed (*** they become warmer)
gas



liquid (due to cooling)
released (*** it cools)