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Download Biology 30 Notes October 3, 2014 Introduction Endocrine System
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Transcript
Biology 30 Notes October 3, 2014 Introduction Endocrine System Describe the structure and function of the parts of the human eye; i.e., the cornea, lens, sclera, choroid, retina, rods and cones, fovea centralis, pupil, iris and optic nerve. Describe the structure and function of the parts of the human ear, including the pinna, auditory canal, tympanum, ossicles, cochlea, organ of Corti, auditory nerve, semicircular canals and Eustachian tube. Make Flashcards for the ear. Handout for Eye Dissection on Monday. Lab Report for Brain Dissection. Inner Ear Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3Oy4lodZU4 3 interconnecting structures, the semicircular canals, the vestibule and the cochlea. In the cochlea that mechanical energy of sound is converted into the electrochemical impulses that are transmitted to the brain. Oval window, separate the air filled space of the ear from the fluid filled space. Vibrations in the oval window must be converted to pressure waves in the fluid. Inside the Cochlea – inside the middle chamber is the organ of corti, which is the organ of hearing. Along the base of the organ of corti is the basilar membrane to which sensory mechanoreceptors known as hair cells are attached. When the stapes strikes the oval window, this vibrates the window and creates pressure waves in the fluid of the cochlea. The pressure makes the hair cells bend activating the auditory nerve. Biology Notes October 7, 2014 NEW: Endocrine System What you need to know!!! Check out your data table. Identify the principal endocrine glands of humans; i.e., the hypothalamus/pituitary complex, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands and islet cells of the pancreas. Describe the function of the hormones of the principal endocrine glands, i.e., thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH)/thyroxine, calcitonin/parathyroid hormone (PTH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)/cortisol, glucagon/insulin, human growth hormone (hGH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), epinephrine, aldosterone, and describe how they maintain homeostasis through feedback. Explain the metabolic roles hormones may play in homeostasis; i.e., thyroxine in metabolism; insulin, glucagon and cortisol in blood sugar regulation; hGH in growth; ADH in water regulation; aldosterone in sodium ion regulation. Nervous System vs Endocrine System - NS messages tend to be quick, transmitted rapidly and to precise location in the body Endocrine System body secretes chemical messengers from glands. Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers call HORMONES directly into the blood stream. System is slower and has longer lasting effects and affects a broader range of cell types. Assignment – Drawing of a body and main/key glands Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Thyroid Gland, Adrenal Gland, Thymus, Pancreas, Testes, and Ovaries. Example: Pancreas, secretes the hormone insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin affects its target cells by making them more permeable to glucose. Homeostasis depends on the close relationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Work together and not always easy to distinguish between the two. Some hormones are also neurotransmitters and some glands are also parts of the nervous system. Pituitary Gland “Master Gland” Located underneath the hypothalamus at the base of the brain. Only the size of a pea but releases at least 8 different hormones involved in the body’s metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction. Often called the “master gland” because it releases many tropic hormones (hormones that trigger other glands). It is controlled by the hypothalamus, via releasing and inhibiting hormones. Two parts (lobes), the posterior and anterior pituitary, separate they release different hormones. Posterior Pituitary – part of the nervous system since it does not produce any of its own hormones. It instead stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin. Anterior Pituitary – is a true hormone gland. It produces and releases hGH (human growth hormone), PRL (prolactin), TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and LH leutinizing hormone. Blood vessels carry releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary these hormones either stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from this gland. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES hGh – Human Growth Hormone Regulates growth, development, and metabolism, this hormone effect many cells and tissue both directly and but also has tropic effects. It stimulates the growth of muscles, connective tissue, and plates at the ends of bones. Gigantism – too much or excessive amounts of hGH, during childhood development Dwarfism – not enough hGH, during childhood development SHOW SOME IMAGES OF GIGANTISM AND DWARFISM TSH – Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Is produced and release by the anterior pituitary. It causes the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine (T4). The role of thyroxine is to increase the rate at which the body metabolizes fats, proteins, and carbohydrates for energy. The thyroid gland lies directly below the larynx (voice box) and has two lobes one on either side of trachea (windpipe). Thyroxine is controlled by a negative feedback. 1) The anterior pituitary releases TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone. 2) This causes the thyroid to secrete thyroxine. 3) When thyroxine levels increase it feed back to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. 4) TSH secretion is suppressed which supresses thyroxine. Hypothryroidism – extremely low amounts of thyroxine, adults feel tires, slow pulse, weight gain, and hair lose. Hyperthyroidism – over production of thyroxine, stimulate metabolism, releases energy as ATP. Symptoms include anxiety, insomnia, weight lost, irregular heart beat. Gland Hypothalamus Hormone Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones Anterior Pituitary hGH – human growth hormone TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone FSH – follicle stimulating hormone LH – luteinizing hormone PRL – prolactin Effect on Target Regulates anterior pituitary hormones. - - - - Posterior Pituitary ADH – antidiuretic hormone OCT – oxytocin - Thyroid Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin - - Stimulates cell division, bone, muscle growth, and metabolic functions Stimulates the thyroid glands Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids Stimulates the production of ova and sperm Stimulates milk production from the mammary glands Promotes the retention of water by the kidneys Stimulates uterine muscle contraction and release of milk by the mammary glands Affect all tissues, increases metabolic rate and regulates growth and development. Targets bones and kidneys to lower blood calcium by inhibiting release of calcium from bone and reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys.