Download The Mysteries of Life

The Mysteries of Life
WITH SHIN HEE, YEON JAE, AND CHARLIE
Table of Contents....
Title Glossary
Essential questions for DNA
Essential questions for Mitosis, Meiosis, and Cell Cycle
Quiz
Bibliography/Sources of Pictures/Interactive SItes p.1
p. 2
p. 4
p. 7
p. 11
p. 12
Glossary:
You should understand these 15 important words before you read the textbook.
Asexual reproduc.on
DNA
In asexual reproduc/on, one parent clones itself to create a gene/cally iden/cal organism. This is done by mitosis because they produce two new iden/cal cells.
Cell Cycle
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the gene/c material that carries informa/on about an organism and is passed down from and for genera/ons. The instruc/ons inside a nucleus are in the form of a DNA. DNA Replica.on
The cell cycle is a cycle where the cells go through steps‐ that includes DNA replica/on, and cell division.
This is the process where the DNA replicates an iden/cal copy of itself. This process happens before mitosis when the cell divides.
Gene
Cell division
Genes are the “instruc/on manual” in your bodies. Genes are one segment of DNA. They tell the cell what and how a protein that helps perform special func/ons was made.
Cell division means the process of the cell dividing into more cells, producing more offsprings. Growth + Repair
Chromosomes
Chromosomes are double‐
rod shaped structures that contains /ghtly packed DNAs. Proteins are circled around the DNA. Every cell has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of them.
Some animals can “regenerate” parts of their bodies that have gone missing or have been damaged. For example, the starfish is an animal that can regenerate a part of its body. If it loses an arm, aRer a while, that arm will grow back just like a new one.
Glossary (Continued):
Meiosis
RNA
Meiosis is a process which produces sex cells‐ sperm and egg. In this process, one cell creates four non‐
iden/cal, but similar cells. This is done in sexual reproduc/on. Mitosis
Sexual Reproduc.on
Mitosis is when the cells divides to create 2 new iden/cal cells. This happens through what is called a DNA replica/on. Mitosis can not produce varia/ons.
Nucleus
Trait
Nucleic acids contain informa/on of the body’s growth and the role of the cell. It is made from carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, DNA and RNA are nucleic acids.
Nucleic Acid
A nucleic acid is a very long organic molecule made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. It contains the instruc/ons that cells need in their life/me. It is found in all living cells and viruses. Two types of nucleic acid is DNA and RNA.
A RNA is a nucleic acid which looks like a half of a DNA. DNA uses RNA to transfer informa/on and instruc/ons to the other organelles. The instruc/ons are mostly about making proteins which will be sent to another organelle in the cell called ribosomes. Sexual reproduc/on is a process that includes sex. A sperm cell with 23 chromosomes(half of the chromosomes), and a egg cell with the other 23 chromosomes produces a new unique organism that contains genes passed from genera/ons before that organism. Trait is an unique visible feature of an organism. We inherit traits from our parents, and pass them onto our future genera/ons. Genes play an important role in determining traits. DNA
Figure 1: The DNA looks
like twisted ladder. The
nitrogen bases are
between the backbone.
What is the fact and fiction of the statement “DNA is like a tightly wound rubber band
doing the same job as a hard drive on your computer.”
- Our DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder like a tightly wound rubber band. However, when
you stretch the DNA into one long line, it is meters and meters long. If you stretch a
rubber band, it is also much longer than its normal size.
-The DNA does the similar work to a hard drive on a computer. The nucleus in which
the DNA is in contains the instructions for growth and development, and the roles of
the cells in our body, and determines your traits. However, the hard drive cannot
replicate itself, but the DNA can, through a process called cell cycle. Figure 2
A picture of a DNA and hard drive.
&
What does it look like (its structure) and what is it made from?
DNA looks like a twisted ladder, the scientific word for it is
double helix. The side of the ladder, the backbone of the
DNA is made out of deoxyribose(sugar) and phosphate.
Each rung is made out of nitrogen bases (cytosine,
guanine, adenine, thymine). The bases are linked together
with hydrogen bonds. However, thymine only pairs up
with adenine, and guanine always pairs up with cytosine;
and these are base pairs. Each of the little sections among
the DNA strand is a gene. If the DNA strand is made out
of letters (ATGCGTA), genes are made of words
(ATGCGTA,ATGCTAT). The way information from the
DNA is delivered to the rest of the cell is by RNA.
hyodrogen bond
Figure 3
The structure of a DNA.
What is DNA and where is it found?
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a type of nucleic
acid. It is a genetic material that has the
instructions like the growth and development of
the cell passed down from and for generations.
Everyone’s DNA is unique, except for identical
twins. It is found in the the cell’s brain or the
nucleus of a cell. Inside the cell, there are 46
double-rob shaped structures called
chromosomes. The DNA are packed together
tightly inside the chromosomes.
Figure 4
This is a picture of a chromosome. Chromosomes are
contained in the nucleus of the cell. DNA are packed in
the chromosomes.
How and why does DNA copy itself?
Cells multiply in a process called cell division. When one
cell divides into two new cells, the DNA in the old cell
copies itself through a process called DNA replication. First,
an enzyme breaks apart the hydrogen bond that links that
nitrogen bases together. This causes the two DNA strands to
separate. These separated DNA stands float around the
cytoplasm and find new nitrogen bases. Thymine only pairs
up with adenine. Guanine only pairs up with cytosine. Then
sugar and phosphate generally makes the back bone for the
DNA, and two new and identical DNA strands are made!
Figure 5:
This is a
picture that
shows DNA
replication.
When you grow, you need more cells in your body. You
also need more cells in order to get new and healthy cells.
When the cells multiply, they need to exact same DNA so it
copies itself to make the number of DNA the same in each
cell. This process is done by mitosis/meiosis.
Figure 6: A gene
What are genes and where
are genes found?
Genes
-Genes are made from segments of DNA. It tells the
cells to make protein to function and to operate all
parts of the body. Genes also determine your traits,
a visible feature of a person.
Traits
Types of Traits:
-Physical traits-the physical makeup (ex. Hair, eye color/height)
-Behavioral traits- the characteristics of how a person acts. (personality)
-Predisposition to a medical condition- A higher risk of getting a disease is also a
trait passed down from generations.
Traits are inherited from your parents. The egg cell(23 chromosomes)+sperm
cells(23 chromosomes)=a baby.
- You can find genes everywhere in your body because without the genes, your
body wouldn’t function. It is found in our chromosomes.
Figure 7: This is a picture of a gene. Genes make
proteins and they are found in chromosomes.
Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis
Compare and contrast a photocopier and a muscle cell?
The photocopier and the muscle cell is similar, because
they both make copies. A muscle cell copies itself by going
through mitosis. There, in the cell’s nucleus, the
chromosomes will be doubled and split into two new
identical cells. A photocopier copies by copying a
document and creating a second version that is exactly
alike. However, the photocopier and the muscle cells have
their differences too. When the photocopier copies a
document, the new document will have been created, but
the original copy will still exist; whereas, in mitosis, the
original will no longer exist, since it would have been split
into by making two new cells. Also, with photocopiers,
you can make as many copies as you wish, but a muscle
cell will only split to make two at once.
VS.
Figure 8
A photocopier VS. A muscle cell
Compare and contrast chromosomes and playing cards?
Chromosomes and playing cards have similarities.
A chromosome is where the DNA is packed- and
there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell.
Each chromosome has two chromatids, with one
centromere connecting them. For example, the
chromosomes and the playing cards both come in
sets- and everything in the deck has a double.
VS.
Also, in order to ‘form’ a deck, there needs to be
all the cards. To make a cell, there needs to be all
the chromosomes as well. The difference, however,
is that chromosomes are exactly alike, but in a
Figure 9
deck of cards, there is only one of each type of
Chromosomes VS. Playing Cards
card.
What is the relationship between the cell
cycle, mitosis, and meiosis?
There are many relationships between the cell
cycle, mitosis, and meiosis. For example, the
mitosis is the part of the cell cycle. Cell cycle
is the process that every cell needs to go
through when it does the three parts- growth,
repair, and multiplication or division. Mitosis
is a part of the last stage in the cell cycle
where the cells are copying themselves. The
meiosis is related to mitosis, because they are
both forms of cell division; except mitosis is
only used to divide body cells, and meiosis is
only used to divide sex cells-egg and sperm.
Figure 10: This is a picture of cell
division. Mitosis and meiosis is both
forms of cell division.
Figure 11: This is a picture of a cell cycle.
What is each process used for?
The cell cycle is the whole process
(growth&repair, division, and DNA
replication) of the cell. Mitosis is the when
the nucleus divides into two identical nuclei.
Meiosis is when the chromosomes divides
into half and creates sex cells.
What is similar about these processes?
The processes- cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis all
duplicate chromosomes, and replicate them.
What is different about these processes?
Mitosis is for cells, and meiosis is for DNA,
and cell cycle has much more steps- all of
the processes divides something (either
chromosomes, cells, or nucleus) and create
something else. They number of the cells
produced are also different.
Video: Mitosis
This is a video about Mitosis.
Enlarge and double click
image to start to movie!
Video: Meiosis
This is a video about
Meiosis. Enlarge and double
click image to start the
movie.
Figure 12: This is a picture of
meiosis and mitosis.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of both sexual and asexual reproduction?
Asexual Reproduction
With the asexual reproduction, lots and lots of babies will be made. With asexual reproduction, a partner is not
needed; so the population can never die out because of lack of reproduction. This process is much faster, and
easier than a sexual reproduction- since there are less steps. It also doesn’t allow any variation-there can only be
replications of the original organism. This can be a good trait, because if a “bad” trait gets passed on, an
organism will not be able to live for long. The disadvantage of this process is also the fact that genetic variation is
not allowed. For example, if they want to go to a new environment very different from the environment they were
previously living in, it will be very difficult to adapt. But, if the one organism is sick and not immune to something,
the babies will also be sick like the mother.
Sexual Reproduction
The advantage for sexual reproduction, on the other hand, is that genes can change for generations and
generations. Therefore, with the variations, the organisms will be able to adapt to a new environment easily,
because it can create enhanced offsprings. The disadvantages of this process, is that for most cases, you need to
opposite sex to create an offspring. If there are no more organisms of the opposite gender in the area, then the
population would die out. Also, you don’t make as many offsprings as offsprings created in an asexual
reproduction.
Animals that asexually reproduce:
Figure 13, 14
These asexually
reproduced animals don’t
have a gender. They also
can’t have variations.
Bacteria
Protist
Animals that sexually reproduce:
Figure 15, 16
None of the sexually
produced animals has the
same gene except for
identical twins. These
animals can produce
variations.
Us, humans
Dog
15 Question Multiple Choice Quiz:
There are 15 multiple choice questions. The
answers are at the end of the page.
1. What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
a. Mitosis produced two identical cells, and meiosis produces two
different cells.
b. Mitosis produces sex cells, and meiosis produces two identical cells.
c. Mitosis produces two identical cells, and meiosis produces sex cells.
d. Mitosis and meiosis have no difference between each other.
2. What is the correct base pair?
a. cytosine, thymine
b. cytosine, guanine
c. adenine, guanine
d. Cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine can pair up with any nitrogen
base.
3. Which is NOT a process in Mitosis?
a. Structures called centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell and
fibers begin to stretch across the cell.
b. The chromosomes line up along the center of the cell and the
centromere attach to the two spindle fibers.
c. Sugar helps the cell cut in half and two new cells are created.
d. The separated chromosomes makes its own membrane in order to
make a new nucleus. The membrane splits into two and two new cells
are formed.
4. How can you make asexual reproduction occur in a plant?
a. By splitting a plant through the middle.
b. Give the plant a hormone that can help them asexually reproduce.
c. By planting another plant next to a plant.
d. By cutting a branch from it and replanting it.
5. How much percent of the mom and dad’s genes does the child get in
a process called asexual reproduction?
a. Mom 100%, Dad 0%
b. Mom 0%, Mom 100%
c. Mom 50%, Dad 50%
d. Organisms that asexually reproduce don’t have males and females.
d. The nucleus breaks down food and energy.
10. What are genes?
a. Female sex cells
b. The outer back bones of DNA molecules.
c. The part of a chromosome that determines a particular
characteristic.
d. Male sex cell
11. What is the function of the DNA?
a. To produce more chromosomes.
b. It determines your personality.
c. It protects you against infection.
d. It’s a blueprint for your body.
12. Which one of these are NOT coded in your DNA?
a. Your eye color.
b. The language you speak.
c. Your bone structure.
d. The color of your hair.
13. Who are the only people with the same exact genes?
a. Fraternal twins only
b. Identical twins only
c. Any kind of twin
d. No one
14. In cell division, which cell part divides first?
a. The nucleus
b. The cell wall
c. The cell membrane
d. None of the above
15. What is a chromosome?
a. A small piece of a cell membrane
b. Two chromatids held together by a centromere
c. The protein center of a cell
d. None of the above
6. Which is not a type of trait?
a. Physical traits (ex. Hair, eye color/height)
b. Behavioral traits (ex. the way you act, personality)
c. Educational traits (ex. determines how smart you are)
d. Predisposition to a medical condition (ex. diseases)
7. Which statement is correct?
a. DNA>Genes>2 Chromatids>Chromosome
b. Genes>DNA>Chromosomes>2 Chromatids
c. 2 Chromatids>DNA>Genes>Chromosomes
d. Chromosomes>2 Chromatids> Genes>DNA
8. DNA is similar to which choice?
a. The bricks that make up a building.
b. The cements that cover up the building’s walls.
c. The blueprint(design plan) of a building.
d. The people that work in the building.
9. What is a nucleus?
a. The nucleus is the brain of the cell, and controls what the cell does.
b. The nucleus forms the outer layer of the cell.
c. The nucleus flows around the cell carrying structures called
organelles.
Answers: 1. c, 2. b, 3. c, 4. d, 5. d, 6. c, 7. a, 8. c, 9. a, 10. c, 11. d, 12. b, 13. b, 14. a, 15.b
Glossary pictures
(If you want to look at the glossary photos more closely, you can click on these links and it will show you the original copy of
the photo.)
• http://dj003.k12.sd.us/images/amoeba-fission-big.jpg (asexual reproduction)
• http://imagesearch.naver.com/search.naver?where=idetail&rev=5&query=%BC%BC
%C6%F7%20%C1%D6%B1%E2&from=image&ac=-1&sort=0&res_fr=0&res_to=0&merge=0&spq=0&start=8&a=pho_l&f=t
ab&r=8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.naver.com%2Fgenetic2002%3FRedirect%3DLog%26logNo
%3D20015938470&thumbnail=http%3A%2F%2Fthumbview02.search.naver.com%2Fthumbnails%3Fq%3Dhttp%3A%2F
%2Fblogfiles.naver.net%2Fdata12%2F2005%2F8%2F17%2F219%2F%25BC%25BC
%25C6%25F7%25C1%25D6%25B1%25E2genetic2002.jpg&signature=109670157967&gdid=90000003_0000000000000004A90AFBA6 (cell cycle)
• images-mesoblast_cell_division_still.jpg (cell division)
• http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_division.jpg (mitosis&meiosis)
• http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/celldivision/chromosome1.gif (chromosomes)
• http://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/gentherp/dnarep.gif (DNA replication)
• http://puesoccurrences.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/dna_500.jpg (DNA)
• http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/learning_modules/biology/01.TU.03/illustrations/01.IL.09.gif (RNA)
• http://www.tapirback.com/tapirgal/gifts/friends/aquatic/starfish-orange-plastic-f1024a.jpg (growth + repair: starfish)
• http://www3.itu.edu.tr/~sariel/figures/Gene.png (gene)
• http://www.scdaamobile.org/images/traits02.jpg (traits)
• http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01942/plcells/thinkquest/nucleus.jpg (nucleus)
• http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/769/85011519.JPG (nucleic acid)
• http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/766/152402.JPG (sexual reproduction)
Interactive Sites and Bibliography
www.brainpop.com
*Type in DNA, Asexual Reproduction, Mitosis, Genes, etc. in the search box, watch the video.
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/
*It is a good website for understanding how mitosis works by looking at a animation.
http://biologyinmotion.com/cell_division/
*If you want to try out how mitosis and meiosis works, check out this site as well.
http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Genetics/Replicat.htm
*If you want to know more about DNA replication, this is the site just for you! There is a good
animation about DNA replication.
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
http://www.cellsalive.com/meiosis.htm
*This is a very good site to help you understand mitosis and meiosis. Play the animation for each one.
There is also a explanation underneath the animation.
Sources for pictures:
Figure 1: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/dnastructure.jpg
Figure 2: http://computer-reviews.net/files/western%20digital%20caviar%20se
%2016%20400GB%20hard%20drive.jpg, http://puesoccurrences.files.wordpress.com/
2009/07/dna_500.jpg
FIgure 3: http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/dna.gif
Figure 4: http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/images/chromosome.gif
Figure 5: http://dna.microbiologyguide.com/s/10002/pics/dnareplication.png
Figure 6: http://icare4autism.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/gene_chromosome.jpg
Figure 7: http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/images/ch1_dnagenes.jpg
Figure 8: http://www.nissansilvia.com/forums/uploads/monthly_09_2009/
post-12890-12531018157635.jpg, http://www.mda.org/publications/images/Limb-GirdleDiagram-paths.jpg
FIgure 9: http://www.magicbob2000.com/resources/hocus%20cards_edited-3.jpg, http://
biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_124/Images/chromosome.gif
FIgure 10: http://www.mesoblast.com/images/images-mesoblast_cell_division_still.jpg
Figure 11: http://www.physiomics-plc.com/images/Cell%20Cycle11-12-05.jpg
Figure 12: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_division.jpg
Figure 13: www.biojobblog.com/bacteria.jpg
Figure 14: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/paramecium_stained.jpg
FIgure 15: Photo Booth
FIgure 16: http://static.squidoo.com/resize/
squidoo_images/-1/\draft_lens1441580module8530159photo_Dog_Medicine_Side_Effects
5.jpg1204589384