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Climate Change Country Profile: Italy. Xandra Addari What climate hazards does Italy face? What human or environmental systems affect or are affected by these climate hazards? & Melting Glaciers: • Twenty percent of Europe's Alpine glaciers melted between 1980 and 2000. With the speed of melting picking up, the glaciers could be gone by 2050, according to the fifth annual report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. • Experts now say Europe's most southerly glacier, the Calderone, which sits on the Gran Sasso massif in Abruzzo will be gone by 2020. • As Italy's Alpine glaciers recede, the melted water contributes to rising sea levels. The loss of glaciers also What remains of the Calderone glacier in Abruzzo. Photo: Guidosky increases global temperatures as the large tracts of white ice are no longer present to reflect the sun's rays back out to space. Climate Change • It's not just glaciers that are melting either. Fragile Alpine environments are particularly susceptible to climate change and are warming at three times the rate of coastal areas, something which threatens Italy's ski industry. • Figures from Italy's Ministry for Environment, Land and Sea show that the predicted end of the century changes of 4C in the Alps would eliminate nearly all snow cover under 2000 meters, while snow at higher altitudes would arrive later and melt sooner. • That would be bad news for Italy's 286 ski resorts, whose half-pipes, ski lifts and chalets may soon close. The avalanche followed the heaviest snowfall the region had seen in decades and may have been triggered by a series of four earthquakes above magnitude five, which rocked the region earlier the same day. Photo: Vigili del Fuoco Loss of Cultural Heritage • As Italy's glaciers melt, – the coastal waters around the country will rise, putting low-lying cultural treasures at risk. • • These include some of Unesco World Heritage sites such as the archaeological sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum, which would be swallowed by the rising tide. There is a lack of scientific consensus on just how quickly melting ice and thermal expansion will cause sea levels to rise, but even conservative estimates suggest that unless action is taken, sea levels could rise by 1.5 meters by the end of the century. St Mark’s Basin during ‘exceptional high’ water, which left more than 70% of Venice flooded when the sea level rose more than 150cm. The maximum documented tide level was 194cm in November 1966 Photograph: AFP/Getty BEFORE What is predicted to happen to Pompeii if sea level rises 9m Photos: Flood Levels Interactive Map AFTER More extreme weather • Higher global temperatures cause higher rates of evaporation, change the way air moves and affect the amount of water vapour the air can hold. • That might not seem like much, but on a global scale it is disrupting weather systems and causing violent and unpredictable events such as storms and droughts. • Recent year's extreme summer heatwaves have caused floods and landslides across the country which cost lives and created millions of euros worth of damage. 2007 Flood in Milan, photo: Peppe Caridi 2014 Flood in Genova photo:tizianocaviglia What social, economic or physical attributes such population size and density, topography, the percentage of the city's population in poverty or industry exacerbate the situation or are themselves put at risk? • The major sectors that exacerbate the situation are the agricultural, livestock, industrial, civil and tourism sectors. • The main situations of conflict and social problems related to climate change in Italy appear to be related to: economic damage and risks pertaining coastal cities and their infrastructure, increase in territorial disputes and migration. Sources Cited http://www.lifegate.it/persone/news/2015-emissioni-co2-italia-aumento http://www.meteoweb.eu/2016/08/allerta-meteo-codice-rosso-milano-seveso-lambro-rischio-esondazione/735561/ http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/temi/acqua/fonti-di-inquinamento http://www.italiaclima.org/approfondimenti-climatici/cosa-sta-succedendo-al-clima/ http://www.thelocal.it/20151201/five-ways-climate-change-is-affecting-italy http://www.lamiaterravale.it/it/news/limpatto-dei-cambiamenti-climatici-sullagricoltura