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The Endocrine System

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The Endocrine System – Chapter 9

Glands release hormones

Hormones regulate the many and varied
functions of an organism

Hormones bind to receptors

Receptors are recognition sites in the
various target tissues on which hormones
act
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Two Types of Glands
 ENDOCRINE
glands
Secrete their hormones directly into the
bloodstream
 EXOCRINE
glands
Send chemical substances (tears, sweat,
milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the
body.
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Glands of the Endocrine System
3
Endocrine System
 Common
conditions that result in
various pathologies of the endocrine
system.

Hypersecretion or Hyposecretion of a
hormone
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Pituitary Gland
 Known
as a master gland

Regulates many body activities;
stimulates other glands to secrete
specific hormones
5
Pituitary Gland
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Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone – ACTH
 Promotes secretion of cortisol
 Hyposecretion rare
 Hypersecretion causes Cushing’s Disease

Follicle Stimulating Hormone – FSH
 Stimulates ovaries to produce egg and
secretion of estrogen
 Testes in males, stimulates sperm
production
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Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1
 Growth
Hormone - GH (Somatropin)
 Hyposecretion in children causes
dwarfism
 Hypersecretion in children causes
gigantism
 Hypersecretion in adults causes
acromegaly
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10
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Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
 Ovaries in females, promotes ovulation,
estrogen and progesterone secretion
 Testes in males, promotes testosterone
secretion
 Hyposecretion – failure of sexual maturation
 Hypersecretion – No known effects
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Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1

Prolactin – promotes lactation

Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH)
 Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid
hormone
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Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – Inceases
water reabsorption by the kidney

Hyposecretion causes diabetes
insipidus

Hypersecretion causes syndrome on
inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone(SIADH)
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Combining Forms – page 396
Aden/o
 Adren/o

gland

Adrenal/o
adrenal glands

Calc/o
calcium

Crin/o
secrete
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Adrenal Glands
Each gland has two parts
 outer portion, the adrenal cortex
○ Secretes glucocorticoids, mineral
corticoids, gonadocorticoids
○ inner portion, adrenal medulla
○ Secretes catecholamines
chemicals derived from amino acids
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Adrenal Hormones – Table 9-4

Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism
of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and
are anti-inflammatory (cortisone).
Influences--SUGAR

Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes
 Aldosterone: reabsorption of
sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences-SALT

Gonadocorticoids: androgens and
estrogens. Influences--SEX
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Adrenal Hormones – Table 9-4

Two types of catecholamine hormones
 Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases
heart rate and blood pressure, dilates
bronchial tubes, releases glucose from
storage
 Norepinephrine (noradrenaline):
constricts vessels to raise blood pressure
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Combining Forms
Gluc/o
 Glyc/o

sugar

Pancreat/o
pancreas

Parathryoid/o
parathyroid glands
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Pancreas
 Located
near and partially behind stomach
 Exocrine and endocrine organ
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Parathyroid Glands
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Pancreatic Hormones – Table 9-5

Insulin: promotes movement of glucose
into cells and promotes storage as
glycogen
 Hyposecretion causes diabetes mellitus

Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose
into the blood by breaking down glycogen
stored in liver cells
 Hyposecretion causes hypoglycemia
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Parathyroid Hormones – Table 9-3

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Increases reabsorption of Ca from bone to
blood.
 Increases Ca absorption by kidney
 Increases Ca absorption by small intestine

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hyposecretion causes tetnany

Hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa
cystica – bones become soft and
deformed.
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Combining Forms

Pituitar/o
pituitary gland

Thym/o
thymus gland
Thyro/o
 Thyriod/o
thyroid gland

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Thyroid Gland
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Thyroid Hormones – Table 9-2
 thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
 triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroid hormones aid cells in their
uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic
rate
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Thyroid Hormones – Table 9-2

Calcitonin – Regulates calcium level in
the blood with PTH

Secreted when blood calcium levels are
high.
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Thymus Gland
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Combing Form/Suffixes

Toxic/o
poison

-dipsia
thirst

-trophy
development/nourishment
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Build Medical Words
1.excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/
2.pertaining to poisonous activity of the
thyroid:
/ /toxic
3.sugar in urine:
/uria
4.blood with excessive or abnormal
glucose:
/
/emia
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1.excessive (many, much) thirst:
poly/dipsia
2.pertaining to poisonous activity of
the thyroid: thyr/o/toxic
3.sugar in urine: glycos/uria or
glucos/uria
4.blood with excessive or abnormal
glucose: hyper/glyc/emia
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Build Medical Words
5.
instrument to measure sugar:
/o/
6.
excessive (many, much) urination:
poly/
7.
condition of deficient insulin:
hypo/
/
8.
secrete within (internally): endo/
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Build Medical Words
5.
instrument to measure sugar:
gluc/o/meter
6.
excessive (many, much) urination:
poly/uria
7.
condition of deficient insulin:
hypo/insulin/ism
8.
secrete within (internally): endo/crine
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Build Medical Terms
9.specialist
in study of poisons:
10.
inflammation of the pancreas:
11.
enlargement of extremities:
12.
tumor of a gland:
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Build Medical Terms
9.specialist
in study of poisons:
toxic/o/logist or toxic/o/log/ist
10.
inflammation of the pancreas:
pancreat/itis
11.
enlargement of extremities:
acr/o/megaly
12.
tumor of a gland: aden/oma
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Thyroid Abnormalities
Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid
Increased supply of iodine, thyroidblocking drugs, radioactive
iodine.
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hypothyroidism

What symptoms are associated with
hypothyroidism? (fatigue, muscular and
mental sluggishness, weight gain, fluid
retention, slow heart rate, low body
temperature, constipation)
43
Thyroid Abnormalities
Hyposecretion
Hypothyroidism
 Myxedema
 Cretinism
Neoplasms
Thyroid carcinoma
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
Cretinism is a condition of severely
stunted physical and mental growth
owing to untreated congenital deficiency
of thyroid hormone (congenital
hypothyroidism) usually owing to
maternal hypothyroidism.
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Thyroid Abmormalities
Hypersecretion
Hyperthyroidism
 Graves disease – Autoimmune
○ Exophthalmos and proptosis
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Parathyroid Abnormalities
Hypersecretion
Hyperparathyroidism
 Loss of bone density
 Kidney stones
 Hypercalcemia
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Parathyroid Abnormalities
Hyposecretion:
Hypoparathyroidism
 Deficient production of
parathyroid hormone leads to
hypocalcemia which leads to
tetany
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Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex
Hypersecretion
 adrenal virilism – excessive androgens
amenorrhea, hirsutism (hair growth), acne, voice
deepening
 Cushing
syndrome – excessive cortisol
Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition
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Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex
Hyposecretion
disease – low cortisol and
aldosterone levels
 Addison
hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low
blood pressure
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Abnormalities of Adrenal Medulla
 Pheochromocytoma:
Benign tumor of adrenal medulla
Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hypertension, palpitations, severe
headaches, sweating, flushing of the
face, and muscle spasms
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Abnormalities of the Pancreas
Hypersecretion
– excessive
secretion of insulin causing;
Hypoglycemia, convulsions,
fainting
 Hyperinsulinism
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Pancreas
Hyposecretion
 Diabetes
mellitus
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance
of insulin in promoting sugar, starch
and fat metabolism in cells
Type 1 : childhood onset typically
Type 2 : adult onset typically
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Abnormalities
Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe)
Hypersecretion


acromegaly
gigantism
Hyposecretion


dwarfism
panhypopituitarism
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60
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Abnormalities
Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe)
Hypersecretion

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Excess ADH
Excess water retention
Hyposecretion

Diabetes insipidus
Deficient ADH
Polyuria and polydipsia
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Laboratory Tests

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
 Measures circulating glucose in a patient
who has fasted at least 4 hours

Serum and urine tests
 Measures hormones, electrolytes,
glucose, etc. in blood and urine as
indicators of endocrine function

Thyroid function tests
 Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the
bloodstream
63
Laboratory Tests
Radioactive
iodine uptake
(RAIU) test
 Administration of RAIU in pill or
liquid form.
• Used as a tracer to test how
quickly the thyroid gland uptakes
iodine from the blood.
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Laboratory Tests
Glucose
tolerance test (GTT)
 Measures blood glucose levels at regular
intervals (usually 3 hours).
 Used to diagnose diabetes mellitus with
higher accuracy than other blood glucose
tests.
65
Glucometer
Monitors blood glucose
levels (glycemia)
Self-monitoring, usually
done before meals
and at bedtime
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Pharmacology
Hormone replacement therapy
(HRT)
Oral administration of injection of synthetic
hormones.
 Corrects deficiency in estrogen, testosterone, or
thyroid hormone.
Oral hypoglycemics
Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells
in non–insulin-dependent diabetics with some
pancreatic function.
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Insulin Pump
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QUICK QUIZ:
5. What is the pathologic condition in which
enlargement of the extremities is caused
by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary
after puberty?
A.Addison disease
B.Acromegaly
C.Cushing syndrome
D.Graves disease
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