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Transcript
The Endocrine System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWH H9je2zG4 0 The Endocrine System – Chapter 9 Glands release hormones Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism Hormones bind to receptors Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act 1 Two Types of Glands ENDOCRINE glands Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream EXOCRINE glands Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body. 2 Glands of the Endocrine System 3 Endocrine System Common conditions that result in various pathologies of the endocrine system. Hypersecretion or Hyposecretion of a hormone 4 Pituitary Gland Known as a master gland Regulates many body activities; stimulates other glands to secrete specific hormones 5 Pituitary Gland 6 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone – ACTH Promotes secretion of cortisol Hyposecretion rare Hypersecretion causes Cushing’s Disease Follicle Stimulating Hormone – FSH Stimulates ovaries to produce egg and secretion of estrogen Testes in males, stimulates sperm production 7 8 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Growth Hormone - GH (Somatropin) Hyposecretion in children causes dwarfism Hypersecretion in children causes gigantism Hypersecretion in adults causes acromegaly 9 10 11 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Ovaries in females, promotes ovulation, estrogen and progesterone secretion Testes in males, promotes testosterone secretion Hyposecretion – failure of sexual maturation Hypersecretion – No known effects 12 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Prolactin – promotes lactation Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH) Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone 13 Pituitary Hormones – Table 9-1 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – Inceases water reabsorption by the kidney Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus Hypersecretion causes syndrome on inappropriate antidiuretic hormone(SIADH) 14 15 16 Combining Forms – page 396 Aden/o Adren/o gland Adrenal/o adrenal glands Calc/o calcium Crin/o secrete 17 18 Adrenal Glands Each gland has two parts outer portion, the adrenal cortex ○ Secretes glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, gonadocorticoids ○ inner portion, adrenal medulla ○ Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids 19 Adrenal Hormones – Table 9-4 Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone). Influences--SUGAR Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences-SALT Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences--SEX 20 Adrenal Hormones – Table 9-4 Two types of catecholamine hormones Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure 21 22 Combining Forms Gluc/o Glyc/o sugar Pancreat/o pancreas Parathryoid/o parathyroid glands 23 Pancreas Located near and partially behind stomach Exocrine and endocrine organ 24 Parathyroid Glands 25 Pancreatic Hormones – Table 9-5 Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen Hyposecretion causes diabetes mellitus Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells Hyposecretion causes hypoglycemia 26 Parathyroid Hormones – Table 9-3 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Increases reabsorption of Ca from bone to blood. Increases Ca absorption by kidney Increases Ca absorption by small intestine 27 28 Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Hyposecretion causes tetnany Hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica – bones become soft and deformed. 29 Combining Forms Pituitar/o pituitary gland Thym/o thymus gland Thyro/o Thyriod/o thyroid gland 30 Thyroid Gland 31 Thyroid Hormones – Table 9-2 thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate 32 Thyroid Hormones – Table 9-2 Calcitonin – Regulates calcium level in the blood with PTH Secreted when blood calcium levels are high. 33 Thymus Gland 34 Combing Form/Suffixes Toxic/o poison -dipsia thirst -trophy development/nourishment 35 Build Medical Words 1.excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/ 2.pertaining to poisonous activity of the thyroid: / /toxic 3.sugar in urine: /uria 4.blood with excessive or abnormal glucose: / /emia 36 1.excessive (many, much) thirst: poly/dipsia 2.pertaining to poisonous activity of the thyroid: thyr/o/toxic 3.sugar in urine: glycos/uria or glucos/uria 4.blood with excessive or abnormal glucose: hyper/glyc/emia 37 Build Medical Words 5. instrument to measure sugar: /o/ 6. excessive (many, much) urination: poly/ 7. condition of deficient insulin: hypo/ / 8. secrete within (internally): endo/ 38 Build Medical Words 5. instrument to measure sugar: gluc/o/meter 6. excessive (many, much) urination: poly/uria 7. condition of deficient insulin: hypo/insulin/ism 8. secrete within (internally): endo/crine 39 Build Medical Terms 9.specialist in study of poisons: 10. inflammation of the pancreas: 11. enlargement of extremities: 12. tumor of a gland: 40 Build Medical Terms 9.specialist in study of poisons: toxic/o/logist or toxic/o/log/ist 10. inflammation of the pancreas: pancreat/itis 11. enlargement of extremities: acr/o/megaly 12. tumor of a gland: aden/oma 41 Thyroid Abnormalities Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid Increased supply of iodine, thyroidblocking drugs, radioactive iodine. 42 hypothyroidism What symptoms are associated with hypothyroidism? (fatigue, muscular and mental sluggishness, weight gain, fluid retention, slow heart rate, low body temperature, constipation) 43 Thyroid Abnormalities Hyposecretion Hypothyroidism Myxedema Cretinism Neoplasms Thyroid carcinoma 44 45 Cretinism is a condition of severely stunted physical and mental growth owing to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyroidism) usually owing to maternal hypothyroidism. 46 Thyroid Abmormalities Hypersecretion Hyperthyroidism Graves disease – Autoimmune ○ Exophthalmos and proptosis 47 Parathyroid Abnormalities Hypersecretion Hyperparathyroidism Loss of bone density Kidney stones Hypercalcemia 48 Parathyroid Abnormalities Hyposecretion: Hypoparathyroidism Deficient production of parathyroid hormone leads to hypocalcemia which leads to tetany 49 Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex Hypersecretion adrenal virilism – excessive androgens amenorrhea, hirsutism (hair growth), acne, voice deepening Cushing syndrome – excessive cortisol Obesity, moon-face, thoracic fat deposition 50 51 52 Abnormalities of Adrenal Cortex Hyposecretion disease – low cortisol and aldosterone levels Addison hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, low blood pressure 53 54 Abnormalities of Adrenal Medulla Pheochromocytoma: Benign tumor of adrenal medulla Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine Hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms 55 Abnormalities of the Pancreas Hypersecretion – excessive secretion of insulin causing; Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting Hyperinsulinism 56 Pancreas Hyposecretion Diabetes mellitus Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch and fat metabolism in cells Type 1 : childhood onset typically Type 2 : adult onset typically 57 Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Anterior Lobe) Hypersecretion acromegaly gigantism Hyposecretion dwarfism panhypopituitarism 58 59 60 61 Abnormalities Pituitary Gland: (Posterior Lobe) Hypersecretion Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) Excess ADH Excess water retention Hyposecretion Diabetes insipidus Deficient ADH Polyuria and polydipsia 62 Laboratory Tests Fasting blood sugar (FBS) Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 4 hours Serum and urine tests Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc. in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function Thyroid function tests Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream 63 Laboratory Tests Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test Administration of RAIU in pill or liquid form. • Used as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland uptakes iodine from the blood. 64 Laboratory Tests Glucose tolerance test (GTT) Measures blood glucose levels at regular intervals (usually 3 hours). Used to diagnose diabetes mellitus with higher accuracy than other blood glucose tests. 65 Glucometer Monitors blood glucose levels (glycemia) Self-monitoring, usually done before meals and at bedtime 66 Pharmacology Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Oral administration of injection of synthetic hormones. Corrects deficiency in estrogen, testosterone, or thyroid hormone. Oral hypoglycemics Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic cells in non–insulin-dependent diabetics with some pancreatic function. 67 Insulin Pump 68 QUICK QUIZ: 5. What is the pathologic condition in which enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty? A.Addison disease B.Acromegaly C.Cushing syndrome D.Graves disease 69