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Transcript
Innate and Learned Behavior YEAR 10 SCIENCE LIFE - PSYCHOLOGY Behaviour A behaviour is any observable action made by a living person Examples include; walking, crying, blinking, eating etc. All of these activities can be seen, this means they can be observed. Innate vs Learned Behaviour • Behavior can be regarded as being either • Innate: “inborn” behaviors, those that are genetically predetermined, occur in all members of a species • Learned: behaviors that develop or change as a result of experience Innate Behaviour Include: • Rhythmic – Feeding and Migration • Communication • Reproductive • Competitive • Dominance Hierarchies • Territoriality Rhythmic Behaviors • Rhythmic behaviors are those that animals repeat at regular intervals (eg: daily, seasonally, tidally, yearly etc) Sleep – nocturnal (night)or diurnal(day) • Hibernation • Feeding • Migration • Spawning and other breeding behaviors • Rhythmic Behaviors – Feeding • The ability of an organism to find food, and the way they go about doing this is an example of Rhythmic Behavior • Can be Individual or Social (group) Rhythmic Behaviors – Migration • The movement of large numbers of animals of one species from one area to another, and the subsequent return home. • Is generally seasonal • Migrate for resources – food, nesting areas • This movement can be many km Communication • Communication via touch, posture, sound, visual display or chemical signals are examples of Innate behaviors • Communication occurs in response to a Stimulus Competition • Animals will complete for: • • • • Food Space for nesting and shelter Mates Water Social Hierarchies • In group situations, animals will often fight to establish a pecking order • Once an individual knows its order in the group, fighting is reduced • Higher up in the pecking order = greater access to food, mating partners Territorial Behavior • Animals select a territory and defend against others for a number of reasons • Food • Mates • Nesting sites • Space Learnt Behaviour Include: • Classical Conditioning • Operant Conditioning (Trial and error) • Habituation • Insight • Imprinting Classical Conditioning Often referred to as Associative Learning First stimulus initiates an innate response (food → salivation), Second stimulus (bell) wouldn’t usually initiate a response but animal has learnt to associate second stimulus with first Reward follows the stimulus Operant Conditioning trial and error • Often referred to as “Trial and Error” learning • Behavior is a conditioned response as a result of a reward • Eg: • • • Stimulus – hunger Action – pressing bar Reward - food Habituation • The ability to “get used to” a repeated stimulus, such as noise • Eg: dogs may need habituation to thunderstorms or fireworks if they are afraid • Video – habituation in the laboratory Insight • Insight learning is in a sense the “highest form” of learning observed. • It is the ability to problem solve or to perform a correct or appropriate behaviour the first time the animal is exposed to a situation. • Most highly developed in more intelligent species • eg: humans, chimpanzees, and in some birds (eg ravens, pigeons) Insight learning: Chimpanzee Problem Solving Imprinting • • A newly hatched or newborn animal is able to recognize its own parents from among other individuals of the same species. • Helps to ensure that the young will not become separated from their parents, and in determining behaviour later in life (such as courtship and mating) Imprinting occurs during a sensitive period shortly after hatching, corresponding to a time when the young are unlikely to encounter adults other than their parents. Examples INNATE BEHAVIOUR LEARNT BEHAVIOUR o sleeping o operant conditioning o reproductive behaviours o imprinting o daily eating o habituation o territoriality o ignore barking dog o ticklishness o playing sport or instrument