Download Learning (Behaviorism)

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How do you think that we learn things?
How do you know?
Learning (Behaviorism)
Learning: A relatively permanent change in
behavior due to experience.
Reinforcement: Any event that increases the
probability that a response will occur again.
Stimulus: Something that causes a response
Response: An identifiable behavior.
Learning
Classical
Conditioning
The type of learning in
which a response
naturally elicited by one
stimulus becomes to be
elicited by a different
formally neutral stimulus
Operant
Conditioning
The type of learning in
which behaviors are
emitted to earn rewards
or avoid punishments
Social
Cognitive
Learning
Theory
The type of learning in
which behaviors are
learned by observing a
model
Pavlov and Watson
B.F. Skinner
Albert Bandura
UCS, UCR, CS, CR
Reinforcement and
Punishment
Modeling and Vicarious
Learning
Classical Conditioning
• Book definition: The type of learning in
which a response naturally elicited by one
stimulus comes to be elicited by a different
formally neutral stimulus.
• Working definition:
–
–
–
–
Type of learning that happens TO someone
Person learns to respond to a stimulus.
Previously the stimulus meant nothing.
Now it means something IS ABOUT TO
HAPPEN.
Examples of Classical Conditioning
Phobias
After it attacks, cats become a warning
stimulus for pain causing fear when the
child sees cats.
After this botched photo, 6 ft bunny
becomes warning stimulus for
someone trying to capture you.
Examples of Classical Conditioning
Taste Aversion
After throwing up a food, it
becomes a warning stimulus
for getting sick.
Examples of Classical Conditioning
Using Sex to Sell
Advertisers pair their product with sexual
imagery hoping that the product will
become a ‘promising stimulus’ for sexual
arousal. Hopefully this connection makes
you grab their product off the self .
Examples of Classical Conditioning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJZ_k1rQN90
Classical Conditioning Key Terms
• Unconditioned Stimulus (US) – A stimulus that invariably
causes an organism to responds in a specific way
• Unconditioned Response (UR) – A response that takes
place in an organisms whenever an unconditioned
stimulus occurs
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – An originally neutral stimulus
that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus an
eventually produces the desired response in an organism
when presented alone.
• Conditioned Response (CR) – After conditioning, the
response an organism produces when only a conditioned
stimulus is presented.
Key Psychologists
• Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist
known primarily for
his work in classical
conditioning.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho
College Experiment
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E
o7jcI8fAuI
Key Psychologists
• John B. Watson
Operant Conditioning
• Book definition: The type of learning in
which behaviors are emitted to earn
rewards or avoid punishments
• Working definition:
– Type of learning that happens BECAUSE
SOMEONE OPERATES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
– You learn to do things to earn rewards and to
avoid punishment
Examples of operant conditioning
Working
You go to work to
get rewarded by a
paycheck
Examples of operant conditioning
Coming
home by
curfew
You come home by
curfew to avoid
getting yelled at.
Examples of operant conditioning
Superstitious
Behavior
You do things you know have
no real impact on reality
because that one time you
did it, the team won.
http://www.hulu.com/watch/559716#i0,p8,s3,d0
Examples of operant conditioning
Going to
school.
You take challenging
courses, do lots of
work so that you
can. . . ?
Key Terms in Operant Conditioning
• Reinforcer
– A stimulus or event that follows a
behavior and makes that behavior more
likely to occur again
– Two types (positive and negative)
• Punisher
– A stimulus or event that follows a
behavior and makes that behavior less
likely to occur again
Chart
Example on TV
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Mt4N9GSBoMI
Key Psychologist
• B.F. Skinner
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWtvrPTbQ_c
Review
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6L
EcM0E0io
Social Cognitive Learning Theory
• Book definition: The type of learning in
which behaviors are learned by
observing a model
• Working definition:
– Type of learning that happens just by
watching.
Examples of Social Cognitive
Learning Theory
Video Games
By watching hours of people shoot
each other, gamers learn more
aggressive behaviors (theorized).
Advertising
Companies hope that by using celebrities
in their advertising campaigns, customers
will want to model their behavior.
Examples of Social Cognitive
Learning Theory
Gender Roles
By watching parents and society,
we learn our gender roles.
Social Cognitive Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qj
4HQ7m6zE8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h
HHdovKHDNU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YElr5K2Vuo