* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Ridge (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression profiling wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative trait locus wikipedia , lookup
Hybrid (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Dominance (genetics) wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Biology and consumer behaviour wikipedia , lookup
Skewed X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
Minimal genome wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Y chromosome wikipedia , lookup
Neocentromere wikipedia , lookup
re W .m Other Potterns of lnheritsnce Lesson Obiectives [El (t Describe the other patterns of inheritance. Explain the relationship between genes and the environment. Lesson Summory Beyond Dominonl ond Recessive Alleles Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive: ts In cases of incomplete dominance, neither allele is completely dominant over the other. The phenotlpe is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes. l> In I cases of codominance, both alleles in the heterozygous genotlpe are expressed in the phenotlpe. i Genes with multiple alleles have more than two forms of the same gene. There may be more than one dominant form and several different phenotypes. ts Polygenic traits are controlled by the interaction of two or more genes and exhibit a wide range ofphenotypes. Genes qnd the Environmenl The phenotype of an organism results only partly from its genotype. Environmental conditions can affect how genes are expressed. tseyond Dominont qnd Recessive Alleles l. Complete the graphic organizer to summarize exceptions to Mendel's principles. Mendel's experimenfs connot predict the outcome of troits thot involve Palygenic traits Codaminance Muhiple olleles Exomple: Exomple: Exomple: Exomple: I,lnh flawers from red and whtte psrent plants Speckled chicken feathers from Four different caat colors in :Voriety oi skin color in humcns lncomplete dominonce Lesson I I .3 so[id-color-feofier rahhits porents . Workbook A . Copyright @ by Peorson Educotion, lnc., or its offiliotes. All Rights Reserved. 167 For Quesfions 2-8, wrife True if lhe slalemenl is frue. lf the stolement is folse, chonge the underlined word fo moke lhe stolement true. 2. When offspring show a blend of the parents' traits, one allele is dominant over the other. 3. In complete dominance, the heterozygous phenotlpe lies somewhere between the two homozygous phenotypes. individual that exhibits the traits of both parents is an example of codominance. 4. A heterozygous 5. Many genes exist in several forms and are said to have codominant alleles. 6. While muitiple alleles may exist in a population, an individual usually carries only two alleles for each gens. 7. Traits produced by two or more genes are codominant. 8- Polygenic traits often show a wide range of phcnalypcs. 9. A piant breeder produced a purple flower by crossing a red parent with a blue parent. Use RR as the genotype for the red parent and BB for the blue parent. Complete the Punnett square to show the resulting genot)?es and phenotlpes of the offspring. Gomete ollele: Gomete ollele: For Questions 10. I l. 12. Gomete ollele: Gomete ollele: Genotype: Genoiype: Phenotype: Phenotype: Genotype: Genotype: Phenotype: Phenotype: I0-l I , refer lo lhe Punnell squore obove. What type of inheritance is the example in Question 9? If the offspring had been red and blue spotted flowers, what kind of inheritance would be most likely? Explain the difference between multiple alleles and polygenic traits. Lesson I I .3 . Workbook A . Copyright @ by Peorson Educotion, lnc., or its offiliotes. All Rights Reserved. t68 ffi,s*n**,* wmd 'trh* ffimqs*rmmmeqEF 3-l 6, complele eoch stolemenl by writing in fhe correcl word or words. 13. An organism's ;*.{a*ru4+{f,ir-s results from its genotype and its environment. For Quesfrb ns 14. I g?r:*Fls.s produce variable traits depending on environmental conditions. Some white butterflies vary in their wing color because depending on when they hatch. 15. Western 16. iic:$f.?er*sli:€s,r* is an their alr;l"i;'i"*'trr"'*arij{ varies environmental variable that affects wing color in western white butterflies. For eoch of the following exomples, write G if lhe troif is delermined by genolype, and E if it is delermined by environmenl. Turtles whose eggs hatch at higher temperatures tend to be female. 17. 18. r,. l A blue-eyed girl is born to two blue-eyed parents. Bees in a colony are assigned different jobs. As they develop, workers 19. begin to look dramatically different. 20. 21. A pair of twins is separated at birth. They grow up in different countries and speak different languages. ai: ,*. A litter of puppies is born. They are alI gray except one, which is brown. )) Tall pea plant seeds are planted in different locations around produce plants of different heights. 23. A kitten is born with six toes. 24. A rabbit is born weak with hunger. 25. a yard. They has brown eyes, and the mother has green eyes. Two puppies have brown eyes. One has green eyes. One puppy has blue eyes. What does this tell you about how the cellular information for eye color is passed on? Explain. A doggave birth to four puppies. The father Lesson I 1.3 . Workbook A . Copyright @ by Peorson Educotion, lnc., 169 or its offiliotes. All Righis Reserved WW .& futecm"sas Lesson Obiectives {ffi Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes. 1.ffi Summarizethe events of meiosis. {ffi Contrast meiosis and mitosis. '{ffi Describe how alleles from different genes can be inherited together. Lesson Summory fiilil'*; ffitclg*lii',er fid{ltrs}h"ign Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that correspond in body cells. One chromosome from each pair comes from each parent. e A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes has a diploid number chromosomes (meaning "two sets"). #' Haploid cells contain only one set of chromosomes. Gametes are haploid. of Fh*sa:g n$ *-Xttei*sis Meiosis is the process that separates homologous pairs of chromosomes in a diploid cell, forming a haploid gamete. The phases are as follows: & Meiosis I, which is preceded by a replication of chromosomes. Its stages are . Prophase I: Each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome forming a tetrad. During tetrad formation, alleles can be exchanged between chromatids, a process called crossing-over. . Metaphase I: Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. . Anaphase I: Spindle fibers pull each homologous pair toward opposite ends of the cell. . Telophase I: A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then occurs, resulting in two new cells. The resulting daughter cells contain chromosome sets that are different from each other and the parent cell. b Meiosis II: Chromosomes do not replicate. . Prophase II: Chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, become visible. . Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis: These phases are similar to meiosis I. Four haploid cells form. They are the gametes. During fertilization, two gametes unite formi ng a zygote. {i*mp*n"!ng ffiei*si: e:nd i4i**sis P Mitosis is one cell division that results in two genetically identical diploid cells. *' Meiosis is two cell divisions that result in four genetically different haploid cells. ,-?s;rc' Lrnkars;r cmei Geffie i';,*F tr Alleles tend to be inherited together if they are located on the same chromosome. s* Chromosomes, not genes, segregate independently. b The farther apart genes are on a chromosome, the more likely is cross over. &r" Information on linkage and the frequency of crossing-over lets geneticists construct maps of the locations of genes on chromosomes. Lesson I I .4 . Workbook A . Copyright @ by Peorson Educotion, lnc., 170 or its offiliotes. All Rights Reserved. Number O Chromosome if l-8, write True fhe stotement is lrue. lf lhe stotement is folse, chonge lhe underlined word lo make the slotement frue. For Questions True l. The offspring of two parents obtains a single copy of every gene from each parent. True 1 A gamete must contain one complete set of genes. chromosomes 3. Genes are located at specific positions on spindles. homologous 4. A pair of corresponding chromosomes is homozygous. porent 5. One member of each homologous chromosome pair comes each sene. diploid 6. A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes is from haoloid. True 7. The gametes of sexually reproducing organisms are haploid. t2 8. If an organism's haploid number is 6, its diploid number is 3. Phoses of Meiosis On fhe lines provided, identify fhe occurs. ProPhase I 9. sfoge of meiosis I or meiosis ll in which lhe event described Each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome. I PraPhose 10. Crossing-over occurs between tetrads. I MetaPhase ll. Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. AnaPhase I TeloPhose I ProPhase Il TeloPhase Il Lesson 1 12. Spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward an opposite end of the cell. 13. A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows, forming two new cells. 14. Chromosomes consist of two chromatids, but they do not pair to form tetrads. 15. A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows, forming four new cells. l 4 . Workbook A . Copyright @ by Peorson Educotion, lnc., t7t or its offiliotes. All Rights Reserved. f 6. , Draw two homologous pairs of chromosomes (in different colors if you have them) in these diagrams to illustrate what happens during these three phases of meiosis. ,/ ._a,li.r\ /- ------rtr\ / 4., ///t'.e.$ -Qj\ / /:'..: ;''././//./t,t\\ ,'///ll\\ /,/ll h, \\Il/// ti "\."/ / rr ,,11, I I \\ll//./t,/, \\\ll l/./ ./ .\, \'./ \,.\')'/,/./A //-.""/ // \\!g \-.9 :./ --/ ,/ \/tns.iY,---l ./ \\--.Prophase I Metaphase I / /-\ /' tffi.r-'\ fu$:'rtl. / ,/ ,/ /--\\ .///ti, t /,1//|il\ rlWfi;/ "/ t/ )":,/ ,// {ie \\\\"/zz rJ.o;'1.4 Anaphase ll lT.IdentiSr which phase of meiosis is shown in the diagrams below. lo Use lhis diogrom 18. onswer Quesfrons t 8-20. What does the diagram shorv? :,..:: 19. .' : During what phase of meiosis does this process occur? 20. What is the result of this process? Lesson I I .4 . Workbook A . Copyright @ by Peorson Educotion, lnc., or its offiliotes. All Rights Reserved. t72 O snd foti?*sls *e:smpmrfimg &€**ss$s 21. Complete the table to compare meiosis and mitosis. i"*ssxs€nj Form of reproduction a ; i Number of doughter cells I Chong" in chromosome number . *:'t tksnge; stays f-;;: ,;: f.srff tr: it*p!*itl dip!*i,i I i- i Nrrb"r of cell divisions i iI oit_ :' N*ne ; Difference in olleles between : porent cell ond doughter cells €srJa sf fJrs {ns-rr da*rSht,,: ceils is geneiia:*:e'Iv differtnt from t-*e pxt::+t, ! .. For Queslions 22-27, complele eoch sfalement by writing lhe correcl word or words. 22. A diploid cell that enters mitosis with 16 chromosomes will divide to produce daughter cells. Each of these daughter cells will have I6 chromosomes. 23. If the diploid number of chromosomes for an organism is 16, each daughter cell after g,{.t mitosis will contain 24. chromosomes. A diploid cell that enters meiosis with u will fs{'ri:*{:ltef number of chromosomes. 26,If an organism's haploid number is 5, its diploid number is 27.While a pass through daughter cells, each with cell divisions, producing chromosomes. 25. Gametes have 16 chromosomes tv haploid number of chromosomes may be even or odd, a diploid number is always €9'{n B Lesson I l 4 . Workbook A . Copyright @ by Peorson Educotion, lnc., or its offiliotes. All Rights Reserved. 173 28. What did Thomas Hunt Morgan discover that seemed to violate Mendel's principles? 29.How did Morgan explain his finding? 30. How did Alfred Sturtevant use gene linkage to create gene maps? Use this diogrom fo onswer Quesfions 3t-34. Exact location on chromosome 0.0 1.3 13.0 31.0 Chromosome 2 Aristaless (no bristles on antenna) Star eye Dumpy wing 0 10 20 Dachs {short legs) 30 48.5 Black body 51.0 Reduced bristles 54.5 Purple eye 40 50 55.0 Light eye I r,l 67.0 75.5 60 7o Vestigial (small) wing Curved wing 80 90 99.2 104.5 Arc {bent wings) Brown eye Speck wing 100 110 31. What does the diagram show? 32. How was the 33. information in this diagram gathered? Which pairs of characteristics are more likely to cross over: curved wing and dumpy wing; or curved wing and vestigial (small) wing? Why? 34. Which pair of genes shown is least likely to cross over? i i How do you know? 'l:'_:j Lesson I I .4 . Workbook A . ..:)- t: ,i .:r:., -.::- r.,:r,i::i: j,".: : .e: Copyright @ by Peorson Educotion, lnc., or iis offiliotes. All Rights Reserved. 174 ...i I Use this diogrom to onswer Quesfrbns 35-38. A,4A . B r. A q B' a C o D C5 20 D -A8B179j2D ( B C J , , h 1. tL A o u , D t 35.In which gene map is the probability of crossing-over between A and D greatest? 36.In which gene map is the probability of crossing-over between A and D the least? D 3T.Inwhich map are genes C and D most closely linked? 38.In map D, which genes are least likely to cross over? CandB 39. Some housecats have orange fur with darker orange stripes. The traits of these tabby cats are usually seen in male cats. Tortoiseshell cats have patches of many different colors. "Torties," as they are called, are almost always female. What does this tell you about the way cellular information about color and sex are passed on in cats? It tells me that the genes for color and sex are linked. The genes for these two traits must be locoted on the same chromosome, Lesson 'l ,l.4 . Workbook A . Copyright @ by Peorson Educotion. lnc., or its offiliotes. All Rights Reserved. 175