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F"1i-::!rw5l ':tl l hamt SECTION MENDEL AND HEREDITY 6,3 Study Guide e. O^ rnY KEY CONCEPT oJa Mendel's research showed that traits are inherited as discrete units' JJ arri <CD :cf, CD MAIN IDEA: Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics' t. What is gerietics? 2. our current understanding of genetics? whose early work is the basis for much of 3. from the views of many scientists of How did Mendel's views on inheritance difrer his time? of inheritance' MAIN IDEA: Mendel's data revealed patterns choices that helped him see three important In designing hts experiments, Mendel made list Mendel's three choices and wnte an exampie patterns of inheritanca ln the tabie below. ofno* he put each ofthese choices into action' Mendel's Choices C G a C o O .i = = a o L o = o I o '. -6 o = o oo o E o '= o o 7. Why did Mendel use Pea Plants? (J Study Guide S Unit 3 Resource Book McDougai Lrttell BioiogY Name Period Ilate STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED E (.o 8' Fill in the sequence diagram below to summarize Mendel's experimental process rG) E= lu -o :E.-.= <;; E3 '6 > Bred fiowers resulting in F, generation with dominant phenotype. Hesulted in F, generation ith both dominant and recessive phenotypes. Mendel concluded that traits are inherited as "discrete units." What do we cali these discrete units today? C G o E o 1O. What two conclusions make up Mendel,s law of segregation? .(-) .a = c E o = o = Vocabulary Check 0, : 11' segregarion means "separation." what is "segregated" in Mendel s law of segregation? 12. What t l o oa @ does "purebred,'mean? ! o o o O 10 Study Guide Unit 3 Besource Book McDougal Lrttell Biology TRAITS, GENES, AND ALLELES Study Guide = 9. Oa KEY CONCEPT VOCABULARY Genes encode proteins that produce a diverse range of gene heterozygous phenotype allele genome dominant homozygous genotype recessive traits. 6 :-: U,; o)t JJ oni <F ot, )otD MAIN IDEA: The same gene can have many versions. 1. What is the relationship between a gene and a protein? 2- What is an allele? 3. What term describes 4. Wnte a definition of homologous chromosomes using the terms o'gene" and "allele." a pair of alleles that are the same? that are different? In the space below, draw a pair of homologous chromosomes. Label the chromosomes with two sets of genes, one with homozygous alleles (Gene A, Gene A) and one with heterozygous alleles (Gene B, Gene b). C o oE ()o .c = c o E o f -o o, .J 6 = o oO @ E '= o o O Unit 3 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Study Guide 13 Name STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED o) '@:0) q.E lu= MAIN IDEA: Genes influence the development of traits. 5. write an analogy to show the difference between genotype and phenotype. a-E {ca *u, U,O :.6 ,E 6. How are alleles represented on paper? Fill in the table below with the missing genotype, phenotype (dominant or recessive), or alleles (TT, Tt, tt). Genotype Phenotype Alleles homozygous dominant recessive Tt 8. If an organism has a recessive 9. trait, can you determine its genotype for that trait? What factors besides alleles affect phenotype? c o o, E o (J C Vocabulary Check 1O. What type of alleles are present in an organism with a Qe genotype? =c so f o I 11. What is an alternative form of a gene? : C) 6 f ooo 12. What is the opposite of homozygous? of dominant? @ c .E o o C) 14 study Guide Unit 3 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Name Period Date STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED o) (0 'o, .E.> MAIN IDEA: A dihybrid cross involves two traits. 8. What is a dihybrid cross? !-u: EL= <; 63'6 9. Why does each parent organism in the F1 generation 6.t7? > 1o. Suppose an organism had the genotype from this allele combination? have four alleles listed in Figure AABb. What two types of gametes could result 11. What is the phenotypic ratio that results from a dihybrid cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for both traits? See Figure 6. 17 for heip. MAIN IDEA: Heredity patterns can be calculated with probability. 12. Probability predicts the number ofoccurrences. not the number of occurrences. 13. To caiculate the probability that two independent events will happen together, the probability of each individual event. 14- In Figure 6.18, the probability of getting one coin that is heads up and one coin that is tails up is t sco, E () .g E L Vocabulary Check 15. What is a testcross? c o c O) = I o 16. What is independent in the iaw of independent assortment? : 6 f o oo @ E .9 a oo 18 Study Guide Unit 3 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Elirn|lffi : l\amt SECTION t.5 I)ut(. TRAITS AND PROBABILITY Study Guide .< .9. KEY CONCEPT VOCABULARY The inheritance of traits Punnett square follows the rules of probability. Icr law of independent testcross ut> 3ra JJ assortment dihybrid cross monohybrid cross (Do) =E probability l:tD MAIN IDEA: Punnett squares illustrate genetic crosses. Identifu what each of the numbered parts represents in the Punnett square below. Then draw lines from each of the parents' alleles to the corresponding alleies in the offspring. [-' ln al a l" 4. Why does each parent contribute only one allele to the offspring? C G a E (J .C = 2 c o E f o MAIN IDEA: A monohybrid cross involves one trait. 5. You know a ratio is a comparison that tells how two or more things relate. What is a genotypic ratio? a phenotypic ratio? I o) J 6 = o o 6. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in Figure 6.15? o to o o 7. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring in Figure 6.15? O Unit 3 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology study Guide 17 :,fl1i'i:1r,ffi' . , ,: :' ,,..r1,:i ,. :i!,a ,,^.: ".. a:':: " ::::f:ii::i:t:. i '. t.t ,' :' ,' -l"h'al;'.. hilmr SECTION ,'rr,' llerirxi MEIOSIS AND GENETIC VARIATION Study Guide tD, KEY CONCEPT VOCABULARY Independent assortment and crossing over during meiosis result in genetic diversity. crossing MAIN IDEA: over 39 genetic linkage a,',; q llj JJ ,3(Do) (D Sexual reproduction creates unique gene combinations. 1. What are two ways that sexual reproduction helps create and maintain genetic diversity? 2. Which does sexual reproduction create, new alleles or new combinations of alleles? 3. How is the production of unique genetic combinations an advantage to organisms and species? MAIN IDEA: Crossing over during 4, c e a tr o O C =co ! )o O) meiosis increases genetic diversity. Are chromosomes in a duplicated or an unduplicated state when crossing over occurs? Use sketches to illustrate how crossing over contributes to genetic diversity. Use Figure 6.20 for reference. 1. Draw a celi with four chromosomes in the first box. Make one pair of chromosomes large and the other par small. Color in one large chromosome and one small chromosome. Leave the other two chromosomes white. 2. In the next box, draw the cell in prophase I. Have each pair of homologous chromosomes line up together-large with iarge, small with small. 3. In the third box, show crossing over between each pair of homologous chromosomes. 4. In the last box, show what the chromosomes look like as a result of crossing over. \bu will use this sketch in the next exercise. I o : E :o oO o s 'E o o (-) Unit 3 Resource Book McDougal Littell Biology Study Guide 21 Name Period Date STUDY GUIDE, CONTINUED E tl)(D E,= !'u'o cL= <; 63 6 Refer to your cell sketch in the last box on the previous page. AIso refer to Figure 6.5 if necessary. 1. In the first box below, show what your cell would look like at the end of meiosis I. Remember, the result will be two cells that have one duplicated chromosome from each horirologous pair. 2.In the second box, show what your cell would look like at the end of meiosis II. Remember, the result will be four cells that have one (arduplicated) chromosome from each homologous pair. = ,/\-------: () \ \------''./ -----=\ /\ () \/\./ a_) '\_-/\_/ .-) a)(l \ / \ / 5. If genes A and B are iocated on separate, nonhomologous chromosomes, will they follow Mendel's law of independent assortrnent? Explain. lr. Ifgenes A and B are located at opposite ends on the same chromosome, are they likely to follow Mendel's law of rndependent assortment? Explain. c 6 o E o (J .E If genes A and B are located very ciose together on the same chromosome, are they likeiy to follow Mendel's law of independent assortment? Explain. =Co s : D o T o p = 6 O) l o oo Vocabulary Check 8. @ The exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes is called ! o, o o O 9- The tendency for two genes that are iocated close together on a chromosome to be inherited together is called ?2 study Guide Unit 3 Resource Book McDougal Linell Biology