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2/14/2011 Social Learning Theory Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Learning Goals • Describe the four elements necessary for observational learning to occur. • Understand the role of the teacher in observational learning • Explain the three types of reinforcement according to social learning theory 1 2/14/2011 Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Social Learning Theory • Declaration of Behaviorism: The goal of psychology should be to predict and control overt behavior (Watson, 1913) • Law of effect: Responses followed by positive outcomes are repeated while those followed by negative outcomes are not • Operant Conditioning: People learn to behave in ways that result in reinforcement Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Social Learning Theory • Observational Learning: People learn by observing others’ behavior and the outcomes of their behavior • Socialization: Process by which society teaches children to behave like the ideal adults of the society – One of the most powerful socialization forces is observational learning – Children learn to behave like others in their culture because observed behaviors will likely be reinforced 2 2/14/2011 Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Social Learning vs. Behaviorism • • • • Behaviorism Learning occurs via reinforcement Learned behaviors must be demonstrated Behaviors must be personally reinforced to be learned Consequences strengthen or weaken behavior • • • • Social Learning Learning is affected by social influences Learning can also include acquired knowledge People can learn through the reinforcement of others Consequences provide information about the social acceptability of behavior Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Social Learning • Types of reinforcement – Direct: Environment reinforces the student – Vicarious: The student observes the environment reinforcing another person – Self: The student reinforces themselves 3 2/14/2011 Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Observational Learning • Four elements must be met for a student to learn a behavior through observational learning: 1. 2. 3. 4. Pay attention to the model Retain information about the behavior Produce the behavior Be motivated to repeat the behavior Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Observational Learning Process Attention T •Task complexity •Model relevance •Repetition S •Attention skills •Cognitive skills •Interest Retention •Reminders •Cognitive skills •Visual rehearsal •Behavioral rehearsal Production •Feedback •Physical ability •Sub-skills Motivation •Rewards •Rewards preference •Internal standards •Self-Efficacy 4 2/14/2011 Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Observational Learning • Observing a model engaging in a behavior can lead to behavior change by: – – – – Teaching new behaviors Encouraging previously forbidden behaviors Drawing attention to particular tools Increasing emotional arousal • Domains of Research in Observational Learning – – – – – Aggression Gender development Peer relationships Prosocial behavior Influences of television and other media Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Observational Learning • Observational learning is most common among novices • People learn from models who are: – Strong – Nurturing – Similar • Race • Gender • Personal characteristics 5 2/14/2011 Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Explaining Development • Experience with the social world influences development – As children interact with others, they learn: • New behaviors • Appropriate situation for the behavior • Motivation to perform the behavior through reinforcement • Enculturation largely involves exhibiting desirable social behaviors and strategies of problem solving – Similar behaviors within the culture are the result of exposure to similar models Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Social Learning in Education • Students often learn by observing others. • Teachers and parents must model appropriate behaviors and avoid modeling inappropriate behaviors. • Teachers should expose students to a variety of models. • Describing the consequences of behavior can effectively increase appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate ones. 6