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Immune System Review Answers Immune System: Immune System Overview 1. 1. To destroy disease-causing organisms 2. To detect and kill abnormal cells such as cancerous cells 2. 1. Parasitic worms 2. Fungi 3. Protozoa 4. Bacteria 5. Viruses 3. Viruses, Parasitic worms 4–5. Line of Defense Example Innate external defenses (surface barriers) Skin and mucous membranes Innate internal defenses Cells and chemicals in body fluids Adaptive defenses T and B cells 6. Innate internal defenses 7. markers, chemical messengers 8. 1. are specific 2. involve B and T lymphocytes 3. have memory 4. are systemic 9. antigenic determinant 10. plasma, antibodies 11. Humoral, B 12. Cellular, T 13. Humoral 14. 1. a cell becomes cancerous 2. a cell is invaded by a virus 3. a cell has been transplanted from another individual Immune System: Anatomy Review 1. 1. Specialized immune cells (for example, leukocytes) 2. Lymphoid organs and tissues (for example, bone marrow) 2. bone marrow, leukocytes 3–4. Name of Leukocyte Description Neutrophil Multilobed nucleus Pale-staining granules Lymphocyte Small leukocyte, round nucleus No prominent granules Monocyte Large leukocyte, U-shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus No prominent granules Eosinophil Bilobed nucleus with granules 1 Immune System Review Answers Stains red Basophil Large granules hide lobed nucleus Stains blue/purple 5. a. neutrophils (blood) and macrophages (tissue) b. dendritic cells (tissue), macrophages (tissue), and B cells (blood) c. B and T cells (blood) d. mast cells (tissue) 6. bone marrow, bone marrow, thymus 7. a. lymph nodes b. spleen c. Peyer’s patches d. appendix e. tonsils 8. 1. Lymphatic vessels 2. Lymph 3. Lymph nodes 9. 3 10. lymphedema 11. one-way 12. lymph nodes 13. lacteals, fat 14. 1. Removal of antigens and other debris 2. Activation of the immune system (B and T cells) 15. afferent, efferent 16. B, T, cortex 17. spleen 18. pathogens, aged erythrocytes and platelets platelets and breakdown products of erythrocytes immune system 19. MALT a. tonsils b. appendix c. Peyer’s patches 20. thymus The thymus decreases in size and activity. Immune System: Innate Host Defenses 1. 1. Surface barriers or innate external defenses (for example, skin and mucous membranes) 2. Innate internal defenses (cells and chemicals) 2. intact skin, mucous membranes 3. 1. Keratin 2. Intracellular junctions 3. Skin secretions (e.g., lysozymes) 4. digestive, low, sticky mucus 5. 1. Phagocytes 2. Natural killer cells 3. Antimicrobial proteins 4. Inflammation 5. Fever 2 Immune System Review Answers 6. Neutrophil, Macrophage, Neutrophil 7. mannose, Toll-like (TLR) 8. 1. They ingest the pathogen 2. They release chemicals that mobilize other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system 9. phagosome, phagolysosome 10. 1. H+ is pumped in, making it acidic 2. Respiratory burst—oxygen is converted into toxic reactive oxygen intermediates 3. Hydrolytic enzymes from the lysosome digest pathogen, defensins poke holes in bacterial membranes, and/or enzymes convert reactive oxygen intermediates to bleachlike chemicals 11. Opsonization 1. Antibodies 2. Complement proteins 12. T cells 13. Natural killer, absence 14. cytotoxic, apoptosis 15. 1. Interferons 2. Complement proteins 16. 1. interfere with viral replication 2. modulate inflammation 3. activate immune cells 17. viral infection of the cell 18. inhibit viral replication, viral RNA, viral proteins 19. a. mark cells for phagocytosis b. promote inflammation c. kill some bacteria by themselves 20. antibodies Lectins, lectin inhibitory 21. inflammation opsonization 22. 1. inflammation 2. membrane attack complex (MAC) 23. 1. Heat 2. Redness 3. Swelling 4. Pain 24. white blood cells, proteins 1. the spread of injurious agents 2. pathogens and dead cells 3. repair 25. 1. Vasodilation 2. Increased vascular permeability 26. Margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis 27. 1. Antibodies 2. Complement proteins 3. Clotting factors 28. a. histamine b. prostaglandins and kinins c. cytokines 29. pyrogens, fever a. most pathogens do not grow as well at higher temperatures 3 Immune System Review Answers b. fever causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc c. higher temperatures enhance phagocytosis and enzymatic activity Immune System: Common Characteristics of B and T Cells 1. a. specificity of receptors b. diversity of receptors c. regulation of activation—clonal expansion d. memory 2. self-antigens, specificity 3. antigenic determinants, lymphatic antigen, antigenic determinant 4. antibody 5. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 6. clones, clonal selection 7. 100 million Random recombination of gene segments 8. constant, variable 9. bone marrow, thymus 1. Generate a viable lymphocyte antigen receptor 2. Survive a series of practical exams 10. antigen receptors, medulla 11. MHC, positive, apoptosis 12. self-antigens, negative, self-tolerant 13. autoimmune 14. TSH receptors insulin-producing cells of the pancreas myelin in the nervous system red blood cells 15. 1. Infection with a pathogen that has antigens resembling self-antigens 2. Changes in the structure of self-antigens by the attachment of small foreign molecules 3. Trauma that causes release of self-antigens that are normally behind barriers such as the bloodbrain barrier 16. Naïve To hunt for its antigen 17. clonal expansion 1. Effector 2. Memory 18. plasma cells, primary 19. memory, secondary, faster, greater 20. vaccinations Immune System: Humoral Immunity 1. B lymphocytes, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins 2. heavy, light, disulfide 3. variable, constant 4. antigen-binding, antigenic determinants 5. bound complement opsonin dimer, pentamer traffic 4 Immune System Review Answers 6. 1. IgM 2. IgA 3. IgD 4. IgG 5. IgE 7. 1. greatest percentage 2. primary, secondary 3. passive immunity 4. humoral 8. IgA IgM IgM IgA IgA IgM 9. parasitic worms, Eosinophils 1. Helper T cells (TH2 cells) 2. Interleukin 4 10. allergic, allergen 11. sensitization, mast cells, basophils, histamine 12. increased capillary permeability, constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle 13. Antihistamines 14. anaphylaxis 15. naïve B, B 16. 1. phagocytosis 2. lysis 3. agglutination 4. neutralization 17. 1. extracellular 2. secondary lymphoid organs 3. recirculate, secondary lymphoid organs 18. outer cortex, endocytosis, MHC 19. helper T, dependent 20. MHC, cytokines, co-stimulation 21. Helper T, independent, weaker 22. lymph node, IgM 23. 1. Affinity maturation 2. Antibody class switching 3. Differentiation 24. when your body makes antibodies in response to an antigen encountering antigen in the environment (for example, cold) vaccination when you receive antibodies from another person or animal antibodies passed from mother to baby in breast milk injection of antibodies for rabies Immune System: Cellular Immunity 1. a. Control differentiation and proliferation of immune cells b. Promote inflammation c. Trigger apoptosis 5 Immune System Review Answers 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. d. Promote activation of immune cells e. Help defend against viruses 1. Promotes activation of lymphocytes 2. Stimulates helper T cells to release interleukin 2 3. Acts as a pyrogen at the hypothalamus clonal expansion CD, CD4 CD4 cells: helper T, regulatory T, class II CD8 cells: cytotoxic, class I helper T MHC, MHC, rejection Cytotoxic T, class I, endogenous, foreign a. Dendritic cells b. Macrophages c. B cells helper T, exogenous rough endoplasmic reticulum, phagolysosome 1. dendritic, macrophages 2. B, macrophages both extra- and intracellularly both CD4 and CD8 both MHC I and MHC II dendritic, CD8 1. T-cell receptors bind to MHC proteins bearing antigens. 2. Other co-stimulatory molecules bind to the antigen-presenting cell. clonal expansion, Interleukin 2 innate, self-antigens, anergy apoptosis 1. perforins, granzymes, apoptosis-inducing 2. MHCs B, cytotoxic cytotoxic 1. co-stimulatory 2. cytokines gamma, macrophages, cytotoxic, 4, 5, B cell-to-cell, cytokines, autoimmune 6