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Immune System Review Answers
Immune System: Immune System Overview
1. 1. To destroy disease-causing organisms
2. To detect and kill abnormal cells such as cancerous cells
2. 1. Parasitic worms
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa
4. Bacteria
5. Viruses
3. Viruses, Parasitic worms
4–5.
Line of Defense
Example
Innate external defenses (surface barriers)
Skin and mucous membranes
Innate internal defenses
Cells and chemicals in body fluids
Adaptive defenses
T and B cells
6. Innate internal defenses
7. markers, chemical messengers
8. 1. are specific
2. involve B and T lymphocytes
3. have memory
4. are systemic
9. antigenic determinant
10. plasma, antibodies
11. Humoral, B
12. Cellular, T
13. Humoral
14. 1. a cell becomes cancerous
2. a cell is invaded by a virus
3. a cell has been transplanted from another individual
Immune System: Anatomy Review
1. 1. Specialized immune cells (for example, leukocytes)
2. Lymphoid organs and tissues (for example, bone marrow)
2. bone marrow, leukocytes
3–4.
Name of Leukocyte
Description
Neutrophil
Multilobed nucleus
Pale-staining granules
Lymphocyte
Small leukocyte, round nucleus
No prominent granules
Monocyte
Large leukocyte, U-shaped or kidney-shaped nucleus
No prominent granules
Eosinophil
Bilobed nucleus with granules
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Immune System Review Answers
Stains red
Basophil
Large granules hide lobed nucleus
Stains blue/purple
5. a. neutrophils (blood) and macrophages (tissue)
b. dendritic cells (tissue), macrophages (tissue), and B cells (blood)
c. B and T cells (blood)
d. mast cells (tissue)
6. bone marrow, bone marrow, thymus
7. a. lymph nodes
b. spleen
c. Peyer’s patches
d. appendix
e. tonsils
8. 1. Lymphatic vessels
2. Lymph
3. Lymph nodes
9. 3
10. lymphedema
11. one-way
12. lymph nodes
13. lacteals, fat
14. 1. Removal of antigens and other debris
2. Activation of the immune system (B and T cells)
15. afferent, efferent
16. B, T, cortex
17. spleen
18. pathogens, aged erythrocytes and platelets
platelets and breakdown products of erythrocytes
immune system
19. MALT
a. tonsils
b. appendix
c. Peyer’s patches
20. thymus
The thymus decreases in size and activity.
Immune System: Innate Host Defenses
1. 1. Surface barriers or innate external defenses (for example, skin and mucous membranes)
2. Innate internal defenses (cells and chemicals)
2. intact skin, mucous membranes
3. 1. Keratin
2. Intracellular junctions
3. Skin secretions (e.g., lysozymes)
4. digestive, low, sticky mucus
5. 1. Phagocytes
2. Natural killer cells
3. Antimicrobial proteins
4. Inflammation
5. Fever
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Immune System Review Answers
6. Neutrophil, Macrophage, Neutrophil
7. mannose, Toll-like (TLR)
8. 1. They ingest the pathogen
2. They release chemicals that mobilize other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system
9. phagosome, phagolysosome
10. 1. H+ is pumped in, making it acidic
2. Respiratory burst—oxygen is converted into toxic reactive oxygen intermediates
3. Hydrolytic enzymes from the lysosome digest pathogen, defensins poke holes in bacterial
membranes, and/or enzymes convert reactive oxygen intermediates to bleachlike chemicals
11. Opsonization
1. Antibodies
2. Complement proteins
12. T cells
13. Natural killer, absence
14. cytotoxic, apoptosis
15. 1. Interferons
2. Complement proteins
16. 1. interfere with viral replication
2. modulate inflammation
3. activate immune cells
17. viral infection of the cell
18. inhibit viral replication, viral RNA, viral proteins
19. a. mark cells for phagocytosis
b. promote inflammation
c. kill some bacteria by themselves
20. antibodies
Lectins, lectin
inhibitory
21. inflammation
opsonization
22. 1. inflammation
2. membrane attack complex (MAC)
23. 1. Heat
2. Redness
3. Swelling
4. Pain
24. white blood cells, proteins
1. the spread of injurious agents
2. pathogens and dead cells
3. repair
25. 1. Vasodilation
2. Increased vascular permeability
26. Margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis
27. 1. Antibodies
2. Complement proteins
3. Clotting factors
28. a. histamine
b. prostaglandins and kinins
c. cytokines
29. pyrogens, fever
a. most pathogens do not grow as well at higher temperatures
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Immune System Review Answers
b. fever causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc
c. higher temperatures enhance phagocytosis and enzymatic activity
Immune System: Common Characteristics of B and T Cells
1. a. specificity of receptors
b. diversity of receptors
c. regulation of activation—clonal expansion
d. memory
2. self-antigens, specificity
3. antigenic determinants, lymphatic antigen, antigenic determinant
4. antibody
5. major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
6. clones, clonal selection
7. 100 million
Random recombination of gene segments
8. constant, variable
9. bone marrow, thymus
1. Generate a viable lymphocyte antigen receptor
2. Survive a series of practical exams
10. antigen receptors, medulla
11. MHC, positive, apoptosis
12. self-antigens, negative, self-tolerant
13. autoimmune
14. TSH receptors
insulin-producing cells of the pancreas
myelin in the nervous system
red blood cells
15. 1. Infection with a pathogen that has antigens resembling self-antigens
2. Changes in the structure of self-antigens by the attachment of small foreign molecules
3. Trauma that causes release of self-antigens that are normally behind barriers such as the bloodbrain barrier
16. Naïve
To hunt for its antigen
17. clonal expansion
1. Effector
2. Memory
18. plasma cells, primary
19. memory, secondary, faster, greater
20. vaccinations
Immune System: Humoral Immunity
1. B lymphocytes, immunoglobulins or gamma globulins
2. heavy, light, disulfide
3. variable, constant
4. antigen-binding, antigenic determinants
5. bound
complement
opsonin
dimer, pentamer
traffic
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Immune System Review Answers
6. 1. IgM
2. IgA
3. IgD
4. IgG
5. IgE
7. 1. greatest percentage
2. primary, secondary
3. passive immunity
4. humoral
8. IgA
IgM
IgM
IgA
IgA
IgM
9. parasitic worms, Eosinophils
1. Helper T cells (TH2 cells)
2. Interleukin 4
10. allergic, allergen
11. sensitization, mast cells, basophils, histamine
12. increased capillary permeability, constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle
13. Antihistamines
14. anaphylaxis
15. naïve B, B
16. 1. phagocytosis
2. lysis
3. agglutination
4. neutralization
17. 1. extracellular
2. secondary lymphoid organs
3. recirculate, secondary lymphoid organs
18. outer cortex, endocytosis, MHC
19. helper T, dependent
20. MHC, cytokines, co-stimulation
21. Helper T, independent, weaker
22. lymph node, IgM
23. 1. Affinity maturation
2. Antibody class switching
3. Differentiation
24. when your body makes antibodies in response to an antigen
encountering antigen in the environment (for example, cold)
vaccination
when you receive antibodies from another person or animal
antibodies passed from mother to baby in breast milk
injection of antibodies for rabies
Immune System: Cellular Immunity
1. a. Control differentiation and proliferation of immune cells
b. Promote inflammation
c. Trigger apoptosis
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Immune System Review Answers
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
d. Promote activation of immune cells
e. Help defend against viruses
1. Promotes activation of lymphocytes
2. Stimulates helper T cells to release interleukin 2
3. Acts as a pyrogen at the hypothalamus
clonal expansion
CD, CD4
CD4 cells: helper T, regulatory T, class II
CD8 cells: cytotoxic, class I
helper T
MHC, MHC, rejection
Cytotoxic T, class I, endogenous, foreign
a. Dendritic cells
b. Macrophages
c. B cells
helper T, exogenous
rough endoplasmic reticulum, phagolysosome
1. dendritic, macrophages
2. B, macrophages
both extra- and intracellularly
both CD4 and CD8
both MHC I and MHC II
dendritic, CD8
1. T-cell receptors bind to MHC proteins bearing antigens.
2. Other co-stimulatory molecules bind to the antigen-presenting cell.
clonal expansion, Interleukin 2
innate, self-antigens, anergy
apoptosis
1. perforins, granzymes, apoptosis-inducing
2. MHCs
B, cytotoxic
cytotoxic
1. co-stimulatory
2. cytokines
gamma, macrophages, cytotoxic, 4, 5, B
cell-to-cell, cytokines, autoimmune
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