* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download PowerPoint
Polymorphism (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified organism containment and escape wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Pharmacogenomics wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Hybrid (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Genomic imprinting wikipedia , lookup
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Genetically modified crops wikipedia , lookup
X-inactivation wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Heritability of IQ wikipedia , lookup
Hardy–Weinberg principle wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits Knew that two parents contributed hereditary material Thought it was blending of fluids But blending couldn’t explain some traits (a black horse and white horse should only produce gray horses) Austrian Monk, mid-1800s Math, physics, botany at University of Vienna Studied Pisum sativum, garden pea plant Self-fertilizes—produces both male & female gametes Can cross-fertilize—done by plant breeders Observed that white-flowered parent plants produce white flowers Observed that when bred w/ different-colored plant, different traits emerged. Genes—sequence of DNA on a chromosome that gives information on inheritable traits Allele—all forms of the same gene Hybrid—offspring of two “parents” who each breed true for different forms of a trait Homozygous—identical alleles on homologous chromosomes Heterozygous—non-identical alleles on homologous chromosomes Dominant allele—masks effect of recessive allele when paired Capital letter for dominant (“A”) Lower-case letter for recessive (“a”) Homozygous dominant—AA Homozygous recessive—aa Heterozygous—Aa True-breeding parents—P First-generation offspring—F1 Second-generation offispring—F2 Genotype—particular alleles in an individual Phenotype—Individual’s observable traits Sperm in pollen grains, originate in stamen Carpel—female flower part, has eggs, fertilization, seed development Brush pollen onto carpel for artificial fertilization Mendel tracked 7 observable traits on pea plants Seed shape (round or wrinkled) Seed color (yellow or green) Pod shape (inflated or wrinkled) Pod color (green or yellow) Flower color (purple or white) Flower position (on stem or at tip) Stem length (tall or dwarf) Noted that F1 had all same trait, some of F2 had different trait Approximately 3:1 ratio of traits Assume each P was homozygous AA for one trait, aa for other trait F1 only show “A” trait, not “a” trait F2 show 1 “a” trait for every 3 “A” traits Dominant (A) genotype suppress recessive (a) phenotype Monohybrid cross Dihybrid cross Heterozygous homozygotes phenotype between the two Nonidentical alleles expressed at same time Multiple allele system—3 or more alleles for a single gene locus Blood types Phenotype results from interaction among products of 2 or more gene pairs Labrador retriever colors B (black) & b (brown) EE or Ee—melanin (pigment) production. Black or brown ee—no melanin produced. Always yellow! Responsible for genetic variation Can result in nonparental combinations The closer the genes on a chromosome, the more likely to stay together Continuous variation—range of small differences in a trait Due to polygenic inheritance—inheritance of multiple genes that affect the same trait Eye color—due to different kinds & amounts of melanin Review “Summary” & “Genetic Problems” on pages 182-185….some test questions there