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Review – Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Name three differences between plant and animal cells. A – Plant cells – cell wall, larger vacuoles, chloroplasts. Animal cells – flagellum and cilia What is the purpose of the ribosome? A – Produces proteins What is the power house of the cell? A – Mitochondria Cell Parts Continued What is the purpose of the endoplasmic reticulum? A – To transport materials within the cell. How do proteins leave the cell? A – They are packaged in vesicles (at the end of the Golgi body) and are carried to the cell membrane. What would happen if the nucleus of a cell was taken out? A – The cell would die. DNA Where is DNA found? A – The nucleus What does DNA stand for? A – deoxyribonucleic acid What shape does DNA take? A – Double helix What three parts make up DNA? A – Sugar, phosphate, and bases DNA What does A, G, C and T stand for? A – adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine What does adenine pair with? A – thymine Most of the time, DNA exists in the nucleus in the form of what? A – chromatin What does DNA code for? A – proteins Chromosomes How many pairs of chromosomes are found in human cells? A – 23 pairs If your 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY, you would be a … A – male/boy Small segments of DNA are called what? A - genes Genes/Proteins What is the importance of genes? A – stores information needed to produce specific proteins. Which of the following are not specialized proteins: hormones, nucleolus, enzyme? A – nucleolus Why are stomach cells different from skin cells? A – different proteins have been made for each cell. Protein Production What does RNA stand for? A – ribonucleic acid How is the message for a protein to be made carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes? A – DNA message for a specific protein is copied into RNA which leaves through the nuclear pore and delivers the message to the ribosome. What is the function of the Golgi body? A – To repackages the protein for transport out of the cell. Gene Mutations What type of mutation is occurring in the following DNA sequence (and where): CATGCCTGACGTCTGATGCCA Mutation 1: CATGCCTGACCTCTGATGCCA A – Substitution – CATGCCTGACCTCTGATGCCA Mutation 2: CATGCCTGACGTCTGATGCCAA A – Addition – CATGCCTGACGTCTGATGCCAA Mutation 3: CATCCTGACGTCTGATGCCA A – Deletion - CATCCTGACGTCTGATGCCA Mutation Types A mutation that benefits an individual is what type of mutation? A – positive The substitution of the base A for the base T causes the protein hemoglobin to take a different shape and it can not carry oxygen efficiently. What type of mutation would this be considered? A - negative Mutagens List two different types of environmental mutagens. A – cigarette smoke, radiation from X-rays or UV rays, pollutants (mercury), and household chemicals.