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OBJECTIVES
•
Know: the structure of ATP
•
Understand: how ATP can provide energy
•
Be able to: briefly describe glycolysis, TCA
and the Electron transfer chain.
•
Exam Style Questions.
Learning Objectives
Success Criteria
Understand where glycolysis
fits into the overall process
of respiration

Compare the key stages of aerobic
and anaerobic respiration

Describe the main stages of
glycolysis

Accurately describe the chemical
reactions at each stage of glycolysis

Describe the main products
of glycolysis

Make a model of the chemical
changes that occur in glycolysis

ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate )

ATP broken down by hydrolysis (requires water)

Catalysed by ATPase

Breakdown products are ADP and free P group and energy

Energy released then used by body
Uses of ATP
Lactic Acid system

This is also referred to anaerobic glycolysis.

It can take place in the absence of oxygen.

This process involves the breakdown of carbohydrates

Is the 2nd fastest way to make ATP.

Takes place in the cytoplasm of muscle cells
Lactic Acid Cont.

Involves the partial breakdown of glucose or glycogen in
the absence of O2

By-product of breakdown is pyruvic acid

If not enough O2 available to cell, pyruvic acid converted
into lactic acid
Anaerobic glycolysis - simplified
Explanation of Diagram
1
molecule of glucose yields 2
molecules of pyruvic acid
Enough
energy is released to resynthesise 2 molecules of ATP
Glycolysis overview.

https://youtu.be/hDq1rhUkV-g

https://youtu.be/hDq1rhUkV-g
AEROBIC SYSTEM
 Second
 Is
way to provide energy for ATP re-synthesis
the slowest method
 But
produces the most energy
 Needs
oxygen
 Involves
4 stages in which glucose is eventually
Four stages of aerobic glycolysis
 Aerobic
glycolysis
 Activation
of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
 TCA/citric
acid/Krebs cycle
 Electron
transport/transfer chain
video
https://youtu.be/-Gb2EzF_XqA
Aerobic glycolysis

Is the same as anaerobic glycolysis

Production of pyruvic acid

Enough energy yield to re-synthesise 2 molecules of ATP

Pyruvic acid diffuses into matrix of mitochondria for next
stage

Can take place without oxygen
Activation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
 Activation
of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA”
 This
drives the pyruvate molecule towards the
TCA cycle in the mitochondrion
 Two
molecules of reduced Co-enzyme A are
generated
VIDEO
https://youtu.be/qefvbs_PSC4
TCA/citric acid/Krebs cycle
Simplified Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
 CO2
is produced
 Oxidation
 Sufficient
takes place (H atoms removed)
energy is released to synthesise 2
molecules of ATP
VIDEO
https://youtu.be/XJiYpa3hwEA
Stage 4-Electron Transport chain
H
atoms produced during stage 2 are carried by
coenzymes to cristae of mitochondria
 Electrons
removed from H atoms and are passed
along by electron carriers
 Eventually
 Energy
combine with O and H ions to from water
yield from stage 3 enough to re-synthesise
Electron Transport chain
VIDEO
https://youtu.be/j6_e39ueJBo
QUESTIONS
 Can
you explain glycolysis and the TCA cycle?
 Do
you know how many Carbon atoms are involved
at each stage?
 What
happens to the Hydrogen atoms that are
released?
 Where
in the cell does glycolysis occur and where
does the TCA cycle occur?