* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download SI - TEST 4 STUDY GUIDE
Survey
Document related concepts
Evolutionary landscape wikipedia , lookup
The Selfish Gene wikipedia , lookup
Saltation (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Evidence of common descent wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Kin selection wikipedia , lookup
Mate choice wikipedia , lookup
Genetics and the Origin of Species wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Co-operation (evolution) wikipedia , lookup
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex wikipedia , lookup
Sympatric speciation wikipedia , lookup
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to evolution wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
SI - TEST 2 STUDY GUIDE Bio 203 – Spring 2011 Darwin Darwin’s method of historical science- Darwin’s Theory of Life History on EarthAmount of evidence for this theory (data points) Is evolution a theory or a fact? Under what conditions is Darwin’s theory false? Types of Darwinian selection: 1. Natural selection: Example2. Sexual selection: Example*Sexual selection can be thought of as a subset of natural selection 3. Artificial selection: Example - Example – Artificially selecting for greater egg production in hens What steps would you take to select for greater egg production? Describe the dams and sires chosen and why. Draw a graph depicting the anticipated change in phenotype after 10 generations. At some point, say after 12 generations, you notice that the population isn’t getting any more productive. What accounts for this? How could you remedy it? More on Selection Directional selection: Draw a trait distribution indicating which parts of the distribution are favored Example – *Artificial selection is an example of directional selection *Natural (and sexual) selection are often directional *All adaptation is created by directional selection Stabilizing selection: Draw a trait distribution indicating which parts of the distribution are favored Example – Disruptive selection: Draw a trait distribution indicating which parts of the distribution are favored Example – Example – Alternative male mating adaptations in Bluegill Sunfish How is it that one trait does not go to fixation? *An example of antagonistic coevolutionary arms race, more? Yet another way to classify selection – frequency in/dependent selection Frequency dependent selection: Frequency independent selection: Which one accounts for the two male adaptations in the blue gill? Describe how this occurs. When does selection favor sneaker males? More on sexual selection, 3 forms 1. Intrasexual competition: *Sperm competition is one example 2. Intersexual selection/mate choice: Female choice, 2 categories- Premating (Darwinian) female choice: - Cryptic female choice: *Involves _______ choice, not mate choice Example – Ejaculate dumping in Red jungle fowl hens. Describe. *All female choice in plants is cryptic 3. Sexual coercion: -Harassment, intimidation, and rape Speciation Speciation: *Responsible for branching events in the tree of life Types of speciation Allopatric speciation: Example – *Isolated populations diverge due to mutation, drift, and selection Sympatric speciation: Example – Rhagoletis fruit fly Describe the chain of events that led to the two species. Cryptic species: Mechanisms of speciation without geographical isolationSubspecies: *Interfertile, hybridize well, partial evolutionary independence Species concepts describe evolutionary independence 1. Biological species concept: AdvantageDisadvantage2. Phylogenetic species concept: 3. Morphospecies concept: Inclusive Fitness, Altruism Inclusive fitness = Design to make babies + Design to help others with some of your same genes make babies *Traits are favored when BENEFIT (to bearer’s RS) > COST (to bearer’s RS) *Greater investment in high reproductively valuable offspring Under what benefit/cost conditions does nepotism evolve? Hamilton’s Rule = Br > C What are the three hypothesis of the inclusive fitness theory? 1. Example- 2. Example – 3. Example - Altruism adaptation: 1. True altruism: *Always disfavored by selection, however some exists anyway due to either a. Mutation b. Evolution of novel errors Example – c. Manipulation of individuals Example – *There are no known examples of true-altruism adaptation 2. False altruism: a. Nepotism: - Parental: - Extraparental: b. Reciprocity: - Direct reciprocity: Example - within species Example – between species - Indirect reciprocity: Examples – *No evidence that non-human animals employ indirect reciprocity *Individuals with good reputations as altruists are favored VOCABULARY Homology, analogy, principle of parsimony, Darwinian selection, natural selection, sexual selection, artificial selection, directional selection, stabilizing selection, disruptive selection, antagonistic coevolutionary arms race, frequency independent selection, frequency dependent selection, intrasexual competition, intersexual competition, premating female choice, cryptic female choice, allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, hybridization, evolutionary independence, biological species concept, phylogenetic species concept, morphospecies concept, inclusive fitness, Hamilton, Trivers, Alexander, nepotism, reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, direct reciprocity, true altruism, false altruism, within species direct reciprocity, between species direct reciprocity, coefficient of relatedness GOOD LUCK!!! CAPS Message Boards Instructions Under “online services”, click “message boards” To post something for everyone to see… Under “life sciences”, click “biology” Click the “new topic” tab and create a post (include 203 in the title) To post something for only me to see… Click the “private messages” tab Under “options” click “send a private message” For select recipient, find kcauthen, that’s me I will get back to these last minute questions as soon as possible, but the latest day and time I will reply is 9pm Monday 3/21. You are also welcome to go to “submit a question” from the main page of the CAPS website for another tutor to answer.