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To be considered a disorder, a behavior must be: Deviant Distressful Dysfunctional Biopsychosocial Approach Disorders are caused by genetics and environmental and cultural factors Some disorders only exist in certain cultures Classifying and diagnosing disorders DSM-V – Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders Helps make diagnoses consistent; using the DSM, different psychologists usually classify a person the same However, labeling can lead to bias and self-fulfilling prophesies Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder – person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy – trembling, sweaty palms, heart palpitations etc. No physical cause. Patient cannot identify cause Panic Disorder – short-term feeling of intense dread; feeling like something terrible is about to happen Agoraphobia Phobias Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation They are sometimes normal fears (heights, spiders) but taken to an extreme Acrophobia: Heights Gephyrophobia: Bridges Aerophobia: Flying Herpetophobia: Reptiles Agoraphobia: Open spaces Mikrophobia: Germs Ailurophobia: Cats Murophobia: Mice Amaxophobia: Vehicles, driving Numerophobia: Numbers Anthophobia: Flowers Nyctophobia: Darkness Anthropophobia: People Ochlophobia: Crowds Aquaphobia: Water Ophidiophobia: Snakes Arachnophobia: Spiders Ornithophobia: Birds Astraphobia: Lightning Phonophobia: Speaking aloud Brontophobia: Thunder Pyrophobia: Fire Claustrophobia: Closed spaces Thanatophobia: Death Cynophobia: Dogs Trichophobia: Hair Dementophobia: Insanity Xenophobia: Strangers Top ten fears (men and women combined) 1. Fear of snakes 2. Fear of being buried alive 3. Fear of heights 4. Fear of being bound or tied up 5. Fear of drowning 6. Fear of public speaking 7. Fear of hell 8. Fear of cancer 9. Fear of tornadoes and hurricanes 10. Fear of fire Top 5 fears of men 1. Fear of being buried alive 2. Fear of heights 3. Fear of snakes 4. Fear of drowning 5. Fear of public speaking Top 5 fears of women 1. Fear of snakes 2. Fear of being bound or tied up 3. Fear of being buried alive 4. Fear of heights 5. Fear of public speaking Have you heard of… tiskaidekaphobia (the number 13) uxoriphobia (one’s wife) Santa Claustrophobia (getting stuck in a chimney) panaphobia (everything) phobophobia (fear itself) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) – unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions Become a disorder when they interfere with everyday living Examples Happens more to teens and young adults Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – Traumatic stress that leads to symptoms such as haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia Very few people who experience a traumatic situation exhibit PTSD, but they are much more likely to. Explaining Anxiety Disorders Learning – classical fear conditioning Biological perspective- Natural selection; spiders, snakes, not bombs. Genes – twin studies Social – anxiety levels have increased over the last 50 years Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder – is it real? “Dissociative dog” video Dissociative fugue (dissociative amnesia) – patient forgets their identity and travels/wanders to a new place. May assume new identity Mood Disorders Characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder – “common cold” of psychological disorders Fairly common natural response to stress Lethargy, feelings worthlessness, loss of interest in formally enjoyed activities Bipolar Disorder Mania and depression Common among creative people Less common than major depression Lithium Carbonate is often used to treat Bipolar disorder Explaining Mood Disorders List Genes – depression runs in families Neurotransmitters – Norepinephrine and serotonin (exercise releases serotonin) Negative thoughts and moods interact Culture – in more individualized countries, there is less to fall back on in times of stress Schizophrenia Characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions Disorganized thinking Voices and other hallucinations Inappropriate emotions and actions Subtypes Causes – dopamine; less frontal lobe activity; maternal virus; genes Personality Disorders Inflexible and enduring patterns of behavior that impair social functioning Avoidant – sensitivity to rejection Schizoid – eccentric; emotionless disengagement Histrionic – shallow attention-getting Borderline – unstable identity and relationships; impulsive emotions Antisocial Narcissistic Anti-social personality disorder (sociopath/psychopath) Lack of Conscience Ruthless Show low levels of stress and arousal, even during stressful situations Have less frontal lobe tissue Environment plays a role, too – Australia Do most criminals display ASPD? Narcissistic personality disorder 1. I think I am a special person. 2. I expect a great deal from other people. 3. I am envious of other people’s good fortune. 4. I will never be satisfied until I get all that I deserve. 5. I really like to be the center of attention. Characteristics of NPD Strong need to be admired; inflated sense of selfimportance; lack of insight into others feelings; feelings of entitlement High, but very fragile, self-esteem (need others to verify their worth) Prefer friends who are weak or unpopular so they won’t compete for attention Talk mostly about themselves Prone to envy Rates of Psychological Disorders Very common Chart of countries and rate of mental disorders Poverty Risk and protective factors