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Chapter 16 The Nervous System — Pathways and Higher-Order Functions PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Introduction There is a continuous flow of information between the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Many subtle forms of interaction, feedback, and regulation link higher centers with the various components of the brain stem. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Nerve pathways, called tracts, connect the CNS and PNS Ascending (sensory) pathways Descending (motor) pathways Tract name often indicates its origin and destination Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Sensory pathways The posterior column pathway The spinothalamic pathway The spinocerebellar pathway Sensory pathways usually contain three neurons: First-order neuron — to the CNS Second-order neuron — an interneuron located in either the spinal cord or the brain stem Third-order neuron — carries information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.1 Ascending (Sensory) Pathways and Tracts in the Spinal Cord Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.2a The Posterior Column, Spinothalamic, and Spinocerebellar Sensory Pathways (Posterior Column Pathway) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.2b The Posterior Column, Spinothalamic, and Spinocerebellar Sensory Pathways (Anterior Spinothalamic Tract) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.2c The Posterior Column, Spinothalamic, and Spinocerebellar Sensory Pathways (Lateral Spinothalamic Tract) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.2d The Posterior Column, Spinothalamic, and Spinocerebellar Sensory Pathways (Spinocerebellar Pathway) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Motor pathways The corticospinal pathway The corticobulbar tracts The corticospinal tracts The medial and lateral pathways Motor pathways usually contain two neurons Somatic nervous system (SNS) Upper motor neuron — within CNS Lower motor neuron — from CNS to effector Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Preganglionic neuron Ganglionic neuron Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.3a Motor Pathways in the CNS and PNS (Somatic Nervous System) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.3b Motor Pathways in the CNS and PNS (Autonomic Nervous System) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.4a The Corticospinal Pathway and Descending Motor Tracts in the Spinal Cord (Corticospinal Pathway) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.4b The Corticospinal Pathway and Descending Motor Tracts in the Spinal Cord (Cross-Sectional View of Descending Motor Tracts in the Spinal Cord) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.5 Nuclei of the Medial and Lateral Pathways Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Sensory and Motor Pathways Figure 16.6 Somatic Motor Control Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Higher-Order Functions Higher-order functions have the following characteristics: They are performed by the cerebral cortex. They involve complex interconnections and communication between areas within the cerebral cortex and between the cerebral cortex and other areas of the brain. They involve both conscious and unconscious information processing. They are not part of the programmed “wiring” of the brain; therefore, the functions are subject to modification and adjustment over time. A.K.A — learning Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Higher-Order Functions Figure 16.7a Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex (Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Higher-Order Functions Integrative Regions of the Cerebral Cortex Cortical areas that act as centers for complex sensory stimuli and motor responses General interpretive area Receives information from all sensory association areas Only present in one hemisphere, usually the left Speech center Regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization Prefrontal cortex Coordinates information from the secondary and special association areas of the cortex Performs abstract intellectual functions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Higher-Order Functions Figure 16.7b Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex (Higher-Order Integrative Regions of the Cerebral Cortex) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Higher-Order Functions Figure 16.7c Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex (Selected Brodmann’s Areas of the Cerebral Cortex) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Higher-Order Functions Figure 16.8 Hemispheric Specialization Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Higher-Order Functions Memory Process of accessing stored bits of information acquired through experience Short-term memories last seconds to hours Long-term memories can last for years and are stored in the cerebral cortex Memory consolidation— conversion from a shortterm memory to a long-term memory The amygdaloid body and the hippocampus (limbic system) are essential to memory consolidation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Higher-Order Functions Figure 16.9 The Reticular Activating System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Higher-Order Functions TABLE 16.3 States of Awareness Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Aging and the Nervous System Common, age-related anatomical changes in the nervous system include the following: A reduction in brain size and weight A reduction in the number of neurons A decrease in blood flow to the brain Changes in synaptic organization of the brain Intracellular and extracellular changes in CNS neurons Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings