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Chapter 2
Islamic Civilization
K – W – L Chart
(pg. 20 in workbook)
•Complete the “K”
(What you already KNOW about Islam)
•Complete the “W”
(What you want to learn about Islam)
•You will complete the “L” at the end of the unit
(What you learned about Islam)
People to meet
•Bedouins – Arab desert herders
•Umayyad – caliphs who expanded the empire (Ruled 661-750)
•Sufi – Muslims who prayed & taught about Islam
•Abbasids – Islamic dynasty that followed the Umayyads *built new
capital in Baghdad
•Suleiman I – Ottoman sultan who ruled in the 1500’s
•Moguls – Muslims who created an empire in India in the 1500’s
•Akbar – greatest Mogul leader -- “Akbar the Great”
Mamun – Abasid caliph who founded the house of wisdom in
Baghdad
al-Razi – famous Muslim chemist -- developed categorization
for animal, vegetable & mineral
Ibn Sina – Persian doctor who showed how diseases spread
from person to person
Omar Khayyam – Persian poet who wrote “Rubaiyat” poems
Ibn Khaldun – great Muslim historian who wrote that all
civilizations rise, grow then fall
Places to locate
Makkah (Mecca) – richest & holiest city in Arabia
Kaaba – building in middle of Makkah that held a great stone believed to
be from heaven.
Madinah – “city of the prophet” where Muhammed established his gov’t
Damascus – capital city of Arab Empire in Syria
Indonesia – more Muslims than any other nation in the world
Timbuktu – West African city that became a leading center for Muslim
learning in the 1300’s
• Baghdad – Capital of Islamic empire built by the Abbasids (near
Tigris River)
• Delhi – Indian city that was the center of the Mogul empire
• Granada – location in Spain of Alhambra, most famous Muslim
palace
• Agra – location in India of Taj Mahal (built by Shah Jahan for
wife’s burial)
I. Rise of Islam
A. Islam = “peace through submission to God”
(Allah is Arabic for God)
B. 1 of 3 monotheistic religions
1. believe Qur’an (Koran) completes earlier
revelations of Judaism & Christianity
(includes stories from the Bible)
2. Respect Jews & Christians – “people of the book”
C. Prophet Muhammad (570-632)
1. Angel Gabriel gave words to him in 610
2. Illiterate so memorized & recited to scribes
(Took over 20 years to compile)
3. Words became the holy book Qur’an
(In Arabic – all Muslims encouraged to learn to read Arabic)
D. Five Pillars of Islam
(Add R.A.D.’s to chart)
Belief – “no God but Allah & Muhammad is the prophet”
Prayer – 5 times a day, facing Mecca, wash first, rug
Charity – 2.5% $ (Start with family, mosque, community…)
Fast - daylight in month of Ramadan (lunar calendar = rotates)
Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca once in lifetime (if healthy & $)
E. Sunna / Sunnah
1. Other important book of guidelines (NOT HOLY)
2. Collection of hadith - based on Muhammad’s
words & actions
3. Along with the Koran, covers religious life, diet,
marriage, divorce, all legal contracts, etc.
F. Starts to spread…
1. As Muhammad became popular, the Quraysh (wealthy
merchants) started to worry & plotted to kill him
2. He & followers left Mecca for Medina in 622
(Exodus called Hijra)
3. Followers increased
a. by 630, his army of 10,000 men marched into Mecca
b. City surrendered without fighting (Died 2 years later)
c. Created “Islamic State” – religion & gov’t combined
II. Islamic Empires
A. conflict over who should be Muhammad’s
successor
B. First 4 caliphs
(successor to “Messenger of God”)
1. Abu
Bakr (632-634) – Muhammad’s father-in-law
a. merchant, political & military leader (not a prophet)
b. stopped Muslim revolt & united Arabs
c. created “code of conduct” for war
d. expanded to all of Arabia
e. Died of disease at old age
2. Umar (634-644) - friend of Muhammad
a. chosen by Abu Bakr
b. spread Islam to Syria, Egypt & Persia
c. let Jews & Christians keep synagogues & churches
d. promised safety & fair taxes to ALL people
e. built roads & canals & helped the poor
f. named a council to choose next caliph
3. Uthman (644-656) – son-in-law
a. continued Umar’s improvements
b. started a navy
c. spread to Afghanistan & eastern Mediterranean
d. Killed by Muslims angry that he chose his own family
to rule after him
4. Ali (656-661) – cousin & son-in-law
a. Continued reforms
b. Spent most of caliphate battling leader of
Syria (Muawiya)
c. Killed by a relative of Uthman & supporter
of Muawiya
C. Split…
Shiites
Sunnis
1. Ali’s followers
1. Follow the Sunna
2. only accept blood relatives
of Muhammad as caliphs
2. Believe in election of 1st 4
caliphs **Umayyads
3. Do not recognize 1st 3
caliphs
3. 80% of Muslims today
D. Abbasid’s take control
1. Persian’s rebelled b/c felt Arab Muslims were getting
better jobs & lower taxes
2. Abbasid’s took control from Umayyad’s & ruled until 1258
3. Moved capital to Baghdad - prospered b/c Tigris &
Euphrates Rivers
4. Big Persian influence – focus on art, trade & education
E. Ottoman Empire
1. In 1200’s Mongols drove Turks out of central Asia
2. Turkish tribes (Muslims) settled in Asia Minor
3. Chief Osman reformed Byzantine Empire into the
beginning of the Ottoman Empire
4. Ottomans defeated Christians in 1326 at Kosovo
(Serbia)
5. Ottoman Gov’t
a. ruler = sultan
b. grand vizier = prime minister
c. janissaries = slaves of sultan; young Christian
boys taken as slaves to Istanbul for military or
gov’t work
d. millet= where non-Muslims lived - treated
fairly & if paid religious tax, able to keep their religion.
(kept the peace)
6. Height of Empire
a. 1453 – captured Constantinople (became Istanbul)
b. Suleiman (1520-1566) = sultan (“The Magnificent”)
1. fair laws for all
2. huge building program
3. encouraged writing & poetry
7. Decline
a. after Suleiman, loss of land & power
b. economy
1. growth slowed
2. other trade routes – by ship around Africa
3. fewer taxes b/c people converted to Islam
4. janissaries rise up & fight for power
F. Mogul Empire (Mughal)
1. Created in Delhi, India in the 1500’s
2. Akbar “The Great”
a. brought peace & treated all fairly
b. Allowed Hindu own religion & some served in gov’t
c. Farmers & merchants prospered (imports from China)
d. Introduced Muslim architecture
3. Decline after Akbar
a. rulers spent too much money expanding the empire
b. stopped allowing other religions (banned Hindu temples)
c. Heavy taxes
d. European merchants
– Great Britain took over control of India
Taj Mahal
Shah Jahan built to bury his wife - public $ -- VERY expensive!
Finish the K – W – L Chart
•pg. 20 of workbook
•The “L” at the end of the unit