Download Organic Macromolecules

Biochemistry Review
Ch.5 CP Biology
Organic Macromolecules
 Macromolecule literally means “Giant Molecule”
 Organic Macromolecules are all based on a
“skeleton” of carbon atoms.
 Life is based on Carbon for 2 reasons
1. Carbon is abundant in nature
2. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself and
with many different elements
4 Types of Macromolecules
 Carbohydrates: Sugars + Starches
 Lipids: Fats and Oils
 Protein: Muscle Tissue
 Nucleic Acids: Microscopic Genetic Material
Identify each example
according to type of
macromolecule. . .
Butter
Chicken Breast
Bread
Fish Filet
Pizza Grease
Corn Syrup
DNA
Polymerization
 Macromolecules are built by linking together
smaller molecules (monomers) into long chains
(polymers)
 Monomers combine by disconnecting from some of
the hydrogen and oxygen atoms between them
 After the monomers bond, the excess hydrogen
and oxygen atoms form a water molecule.
 Since this bonding process releases water, we call it
Dehydration Synthesis or Dehydration-Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides
 The monomer of carbohydrates is a single sugar
with the chemical formula of C6H12O6
 These simple sugars are called Monosaccharides
 All monosaccharides have the same chemical
formula, but different shapes.
 Examples:
 Glucose
 Fructose
 Galactose
Carbohydrates: Disaccharides
 Disaccharide = Double sugar.
 They’re made by joining 2 monosaccharides
 Examples:
 Sucrose: Table Sugar
 Lactose: Milk Sugar
 Maltose: Grain Sugar
SUCROSE: Table Sugar
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
 Polysaccharide = Many sugars
 This is a long chain of monosaccharides
 Examples:
 Starch: Grain Foods
 Cellulose: Plant fiber
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Lipids
 Lipids are made of mostly carbon and hydrogen.
 Lipids are used in two ways:
 Storage of energy
 Insulate and Cushion Organs
 Lipids are composed of two units bonded together
that form the shape of a capital E.
 Glycerol: The vertical “backbone”
 Fatty Acids: The horizontal chains
Types of Lipids
 There are two types of Lipids:
 Saturated - when each carbon atom in the
fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon by
a single bond. The fatty acids are straight.
 Unsaturated - if there is at least one carbon to
carbon bond that is a double bond in a fatty
acid chain. The fatty acids are bent.
glycerol molecule
fatty acid chain
Comparing plant and animal fats
 Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated
fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature
(butter, margarine, shortening)
 Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids
& exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)
Proteins
 Proteins contain nitrogen as well as carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
 Proteins are extremely long polymers of
molecules called amino acids.
 Proteins are used for muscles, act as hormones
& enzymes, and do much of the work inside
body cells
Protein Folding & Denaturing
 Protein chains can bend and fold into a variety of
shapes, depending on the job they need to do.
 Some large proteins are made by combining many
protein chains together.
 Changes in temperature & pH can denature
(unfold) a protein so that it no longer works
Denaturating Proteins
Cooking denatures
protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into
curds & whey when it is
exposed to acids
Nucleic Acids
 Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and
phosphorus.
 They are composed of long chains of nucleotides
(monomer).
 Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or
genetic, information.
 There are two types of nucleic acid:
 DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
 RNA - ribonucleic acid
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