Download Early Romans - Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Early Romans
THE MAKING OF
A REPUBLIC
CAESAR
(NOT THE SALAD)!
Setting the
Twelve Tables
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
Early_Romans_FC.indd 1
1/20/17 11:33 AM
Elbe
2
R
ine
Rh
Early Settlers
Ga
Italian Peninsula, about 600
ro
nn
e
MAJORCA
A
P S
L
Etruscan Lands
P o Ri v e r
Latin Lands
Greek Colonies
A
P
E
Perugia
Volsinii
N
W
CORSICA
Tarquinia
Cerveteri
E
N
A
d
ri
a
ti
c
S
Rome
S
ea
Naples
S
Tyrrhenian
Sea
SARDINIA
Thurii
Caralis
M
ed
it
Locri
er
ra
ne
SICILY
an
AFRIC A
l THERE ARE MANY
volcanoes on the
Italian Peninsula.
Most are no longer
active. When these
volcanoes erupted
in the past, they
Early_Romans_2-3.indd 16
BCE
EUROPE
E
I N
N
er
e
Tib r R i v
r THE ITALIAN
Peninsula is a
boot-shaped area
of land surrounded
on three sides by
the Mediterranean
Sea. The Apennine
Mountains run
down its center.
A larger mountain
range, the Alps,
lies to the north,
between the Italian
Peninsula and the
rest of Europe.
Between the
Apennines and the
Alps is the wide,
fertile valley of the
Po River. The Tiber
River flows through
central Italy, meeting the sea on
the west coast
of the peninsula.
Rhone
Loire
Rh
e
in
Se
ine
Ri
ve
r
r
ive
Picture the Italian Peninsula 3,000 years
The Roman civilization was one of the
ago. The mild climate and fertile land have
most influential in the world. You can still
attracted many people to settle there. Along see its traces in modern languages, culture,
Se
in the Tiber River, not far from its mouth
architecture, and laws. But the place that
e
(where it reaches the sea), is a group of seven would become Rome began as a collection
be
hills. As you gaze at sheep and small villages,
nu of small farming villages spread across those
Da
Danube
it’s hard to imagine that one day, this will be a seven hills.
city that rules over a vast empire.
spread mineralrich ash across
the land. This,
along with flooding
in river valleys,
created fertile
soils. As a result,
Syracuse
Sea
Italy has plenty
of arable land, or
land that is good
for growing crops.
The mild climate of
the Mediterranean
provides a long
growing season,
whichImakes
o n i athe
n
farmland even
more productive.
Sea
1/20/17 11:14 AM
3
u IN AROUND 1000
BCE, people who
would eventually
be known as Latins
began migrating to the Italian
Peninsula. They
settled on and
around the seven
hills along the Tiber
River, in the area
that later became
Rome. When the
Latins arrived, the
Etruscans were
already living in
central Italy. Later,
the Greeks began
to colonize southern Italy.
r THE LATIN
people who would
become known
as Romans often
encountered their
Etruscan and Greek
neighbors. Both
groups influenced
Roman culture.
The Latin alphabet
was borrowed
from the Etruscans,
who had borrowed
and adapted it
from the Greeks.
The Romans also
adopted aspects of
the Greek religion,
giving the Greek
gods Latin names.
For example, the
Greek goddess
Athena became
Minerva to the
Romans.
Early_Romans_2-3.indd 17
r THE EARLY LATIN
settlers were farmers and herders.
They grew crops,
including wheat,
olives, and grapes,
and raised sheep,
goats, cattle, and
pigs. A typical Latin
village was made
up of one-room
huts and located
on a hill. This protected the village
from flooding
in the valleys. It
also allowed the
residents to see
approaching enemies and escape
to higher ground
when in danger.
d THE FIRST VILLAGE
in the seven hills
may have been
built there for
trading with the
Etruscans who
lived on the other
side of the Tiber.
The Etruscans
helped to improve
agricultural practices and probably
introduced metalworking to
the Latins. They
introduced city
planning to early
Rome. Latin people
also borrowed
some religious and
cultural practices
from the Etruscans.
For example, the
idea of gladiators,
men who fight one
another for public
entertainment, may
have come from
the Etruscans.
1/20/17 11:14 AM
4
Founding of the City of Rome
The earliest surviving Roman histories were written
more than 500 years after the founding of Rome.
Because so much time had passed, we don’t know
if what the historians wrote was based on fact or
legend. Legend says that the city was founded by
twins named Romulus and Remus. They were said
to be descended from the Trojan hero Aeneas.
Romulus and Remus probably were not real
people. But the legend of Rome’s founding can
tell us something about how the Romans saw themselves and their city. In the legend, Aeneas made a
heroic journey not for treasure or fame, but so that
his descendants could one day found Rome. For
the Romans, this showed that their civilization
was chosen for greatness. It also reflected how the
Romans valued public service.
d IN THE LEGEND,
Romulus and
Remus grew up
and returned
to Alba Longa
to restore their
grandfather to
u ACCORDING TO
legend, Romulus
and Remus were
the grandsons of
the king of Alba
Longa. The king’s
brother seized
power and sent
the rightful king
Early_Romans_4-5.indd 16
into exile. Later,
when Romulus
and Remus were
born, the new king
worried that they
would one day take
the throne from
him. He ordered
the babies to be
u THE TIBER RIVER
connected Rome to
the Mediterranean
Sea. Rome’s
location on the
edge of the prosperous eastern
Mediterranean
region was
ideal for trade.
In this region, the
Greeks, Egyptians,
Phoenicians, and
other cultures
were trading and
exchanging ideas.
As Rome grew,
it eventually
connected eastern
Mediterranean
trading routes
with markets to
the west.
the throne. They
decided to found
a new city on the
site where they
had been rescued
as babies. But the
brothers argued,
and Romulus
killed Remus.
The new city was
named Rome after
Romulus, who
became its first
king.
thrown into the
nearby Tiber River.
But the babies’
basket washed up
on the riverbank,
where a mother
wolf found and
rescued them.
1/20/17 11:16 AM
5
l THE EARLIEST
settlement in what
would become
Rome was a collection of hilltop
villages. In the
mid-600s BCE,
settlements began
to spread from the
hills into the nearby valleys to form
one urban community. Eventually,
a government
was formed. Early
Rome had a type
of government
called a monarchy,
which is ruled by
a single person,
usually a king or
queen. Rome’s
earliest kings were
Latins, elected by
an assembly of
respected men.
l ROME’S
neighbors, the
Etruscans, had a
wealthy, advanced
civilization. The
Romans adopted many of
their ideas. The
Etruscans lived
in independent
city-states, each
r THE ETRUSCAN
kings created an
organized system
of government.
They built an army,
conquered neighboring Latin tribes,
and brought new
lands under Roman
control. Under the
Early_Romans_4-5.indd 17
Etruscan kings,
the valley in the
center of the city
was drained and
paved to create
the Roman Forum.
The forum was
the town square,
where people met
for public business
governed by a king.
Twelve Etruscan
city-states came
together to form
a confederation,
or a group of
governments
joined together
for a common
purpose. In 616
BCE, the Romans
elected the first
of three Etruscans
to be kings of
Rome. These kings
brought ideas
and knowledge
from the Etruscan
culture that led to
Roman advances
in engineering and
government.
and trading. The
Etruscan kings also
built sewers, roads,
temples, and many
other things that
cities need to function well. All this
construction set
Rome up for future
growth.
1/20/17 11:16 AM
6
Lead-up to the Republic
Imagine living in ancient Italy, where
the king was all-powerful. Life might
be fine if the king was a wise and
good person. But what if a selfish
and greedy man became king? What
if the king simply didn’t know how
to rule well? If the king didn’t treat
people fairly, what could you do?
According to Roman historians,
the third Etruscan king, Tarquinius
Superbus, was not a good ruler,
unlike the earlier kings. He did not
listen to the Senate, the group of
men who were supposed to give the
king advice. Tarquinius and his sons
treated the Roman people very badly.
After 25 years of suffering under his
rule, the people were ready to revolt.
u WHEN THE
Romans ended the
monarchy, they
created a republic
in its place. In a
republic, citizens
elect leaders to
represent them.
The Romans took
ideas from the
Athenian model
Early_Romans_6-7.indd 16
of democracy, but
created a different
democratic system.
Instead of including all citizens in
law-making, the
Roman system
used a body of
representatives
to make laws.
u IN 509 BCE,
while Tarquinius
Superbus was
away fighting a
war, the people
of Rome voted to
overthrow him.
The movement
was led by two of
Rome’s leading
citizens, Lucius
Junius Brutus and
Lucius Tarquinius
Collatinus. Brutus
gave several
famous speeches
supporting the
removal and
banishment of the
king. He argued
that Rome should
form a new government without
a king. The citizens
of Rome voted
to approve these
proposals.
l PERHAPS
because Tarquinius
Superbus had
abused his power, the Romans
designed their new
government so that
one person could
not achieve total
power. Instead of
a king, there would
be two leaders
called consuls.
The consuls would
share power equally. Instead of ruling
for life, the consuls
would have oneyear terms. Brutus
and Collatinus
were elected as
the first consuls
in 509 BCE.
1/20/17 11:17 AM
7
l UNDER THE EARLY
Roman kings, the
Roman Senate
elected and
advised the kings.
But the kings
did not have to
take the Senate’s
advice. Later kings
did not pay much
attention to the
Senate. In the
new republic, the
Senate had a more
important role. It
advised and directed the consuls and
other government
officials. In times
of emergency, the
Senate or consuls
could appoint a
dictator who had
absolute power
for a term of
six months.
r AFTER HIS EXILE,
Tarquinius plotted
with the sons of
Brutus to help
him regain the
throne. The plot
was uncovered,
and Brutus had to
sentence his sons
to death as traitors.
The exiled king
then allied with
nearby Etruscan
city-states to
attack Rome and
was defeated.
Later, Tarquinius
worked with Latin
cities in two different efforts to take
back the throne.
Both efforts failed.
According to legend, the twin gods
Castor and Pollux
helped win the
final battle against
Tarquinius and the
Latin tribes.
Early_Romans_6-7.indd 17
Some countries, like the United
Kingdom, still have kings or queens
today. Can you think of other modern
countries with monarchs? Do these
monarchs have absolute power, like the
kings of Rome did? Can you think of a
modern country that is a republic?
3/1/17 9:09 AM
8
The Roman Republic
It is 458 BCE. The Romans are at war with a
tribe called the Aequi, who have the Roman
army trapped in the mountains. The situation looks hopeless. So, the consuls send a
messenger to find a man named Cincinnatus.
Cincinnatus is working on his small farm
when the messenger arrives to tell him that
he has been appointed dictator. That gives
him absolute power over Rome. Cincinnatus
defeats the Aequi in a single day, then gives
up all that power and goes back to his farm.
The Romans saw Cincinnatus as a model
citizen because of his selfless commitment
to public service. His story inspired later
leaders such as George Washington. After
he led the Continental Army to victory in the
American Revolution, some people wanted
Washington to become king of the United
States. But he followed the example of
Cincinnatus and returned to his farm
in Virginia.
u THE ROMAN
Republic had a
tripartite (or threepart) government.
The three parts
were the consuls, Senate, and
assemblies. The
Early_Romans_8-9.indd 16
three parts of the
government were
set up to act as
checks and balances on one another,
ensuring that no
one part had too
much power. The
founders of the
United States also
designed a tripartite government
with checks and
balances.
l THE CONSULS
took the place of a
king in carrying out
laws, running the
government, and
judging court cases. In times of war,
one consul usually
led the army in
battle. However,
the consuls’ power
was balanced by
the power of the
Senate and assemblies. Having two
consuls also meant
that each consul
could check, or
limit, the other’s
power.
1/20/17 11:19 AM
9
u EVERY MALE
citizen of Rome
belonged to one
of the assemblies.
The assemblies
had existed under
the kings, but they
became more
u IN THE EARLY
years of the republic, Rome was
often at war. The
plebeians had to
fight in the army
when needed,
leaving their farms
and businesses
without anyone to
run them. Many
plebeians lost their
homes and lands
when enemies
attacked. Soldiers
who came home
often found themselves in debt, and
those who couldn’t
pay were imprisoned or enslaved.
The situation
was unfair.
Early_Romans_8-9.indd 17
powerful in the
republic. There
were several
assemblies
for different
purposes, but
together, the
assemblies
made the laws
for Rome and
elected the
consuls. The
assemblies could
also declare war
and try court
cases.
u IN 494 BCE, THE
plebeians protested
by leaving the city
in a group. Without
soldiers, craftsmen,
and merchants, the
patricians saw how
r THERE WERE
two types of
citizens in the
Roman Republic
– patricians
and plebeians.
Patricians were
the upper class.
They were typically wealthy
landowners. All
other citizens
were plebeians,
who were usually
poorer and had
fewer rights. For
example, only male
patricians could
become senators.
Female patricians
were considered
citizens, but they
could not vote
or hold office.
Plebeians could not
become senators,
but they could vote
in the assemblies.
Enslaved people
and foreigners
were not allowed
to be citizens.
they depended on
the plebeians and
agreed to cancel
their debts. The
plebeians also
gained the right
to elect repre-
sentatives called
tribunes. The tribunes could veto
any law the plebeians saw as unfair.
In Latin, “veto”
means “I forbid.”
The Romans were familiar
with Greek culture and
ideas, and they based
the new government of
the republic in part on
Athenian democracy. How
was the Roman style of
democracy different from
the Athenian system?
What did the systems
have in common?
1/20/17 11:19 AM
10
The Twelve Tables
Around 450 BCE, Rome’s first written laws were
posted in the Roman Forum on tablets called the
Twelve Tables. Some of the laws stated citizens’
rights, such as the right to own property. Other
laws explained how trials should be conducted and
described punishments for various crimes. The
Twelve Tables were created after the plebeians
demanded that the laws be recorded. They wanted
the laws written down and made public so everyone
would know if laws were enforced fairly. Rome’s
tradition of recording laws provided a model for
later constitutional governments.
Early_Romans_10-11.indd 16
1/20/17 11:20 AM
11
Early_Romans_10-11.indd 17
1/20/17 11:20 AM
Norwegian Sea
White Sea
Gulf of
Bothnia
12
Rome Expands
Then they conquered the Etruscans to the
north of Rome and the Samnites to the east.
Finally, the Romans
took over the Greek
Baltic
colonies in the Sea
south. By 272 BCE, the
entire Italian Peninsula was under Roman
control. The republic was set to expand its
territory around the Mediterranean.
Volga
Volga
Volga
n
Do
Rh
Once the republic was established,
the Romans began to use their skillsNorth
as Sea
warriors, engineers, and administrators
to expand their territory across Italy
and beyond. Beginning in 341 BCE, the
Romans waged a series of wars to take over
neighboring lands. They first defeated the
30 allied cities called the Latin League.
Gulf of
Finland
ine
Riv
er
BCE
to 133
BCE
r
L o i r e Ri v e r
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
n
Do
epe
Dni
Roman Lands, 509
EUROPE
A
Da nube
Po R i v e r
Ri v
er
P
Y
S
L P
E
E S
Black
Sea
N
E
E
N
P
R
R
N
ive
Byzantium
I
r
N
Ta g us Rive r
ro
A
Eb
Rome
E
S
ASIA
MINOR
GREECE
M e
d i
t e
r r
a n
e
Carthage a n
New Carthage
(Cartagena)
Zama
N
W
Roman Lands (509 BCE)
Roman Lands (274 BCE)
S e
a
0
E
S
0
250 mi.
Roman Lands (133 BCE)
0
250 km.
lands outside the
Italian Peninsula,
the Roman leaders divided them
into provinces.
A Roman governor was sent to
oversee each one.
Taxes, soldiers, and
enslaved people
from the provinces
helped Rome to
continue growing
in territory and
power. Rome was
now the most
powerful state
in the world.
r EXPANSION WAS
important to Rome
for several reasons.
First, the neighboring lands in Italy
were controlled by
enemies of Rome.
Taking control
of those lands
made Rome safer.
The conquered
lands also had
natural resources,
including farmland
needed to feed
Rome’s growing
population. The
Romans could
enslave their
defeated enemies
to provide free
labor and collect
taxes from conquered people.
AFRICA
0
Cyrene
EGYPT
Parallel scal
ile
N
u BY 133 BCE,
Rome controlled
nearly all of the
lands around the
Mediterranean.
The sea became
known as the
“Roman Lake.” To
rule all their new
Early_Romans_12-13.indd 16
Athens
2/3/17 9:14 AM
R
S
13
u AFTER THE
Romans conquered
new lands, they
set up colonies
there. The colonies
helped to romanize
the local people, or
bring them under
u ROME HAD A
large and welltrained army, but
Carthage had a
much bigger and
better navy. To win
the First Punic War,
the Romans had
to build many new
ships very quickly. The Romans
also figured out a
way of stopping
and boarding
Carthaginian ships.
This allowed the
skilled Roman soldiers to attack the
Carthaginian sailors, who were not
as good at fighting.
The Romans won
the war and gained
control of Sicily.
Early_Romans_12-13.indd 17
Roman influence.
Many people in the
conquered lands
adopted parts of
the Roman culture
and way of life.
The Romans were
skilled engineers
u IN THE SECOND
Punic War, the
expert Carthaginian
general Hannibal
nearly defeated
the Romans in a
and road builders.
This ensured that
good roads and
bridges connected Rome with the
conquered lands.
surprise attack.
But the Roman
general Scipio took
the battle to Africa.
There, the Romans
defeated Hannibal.
u CARTHAGE WAS A
city in North Africa.
The Carthaginians,
a seafaring people,
controlled coastal
areas around the
western rim of the
Mediterranean.
The Romans hoped
to take control of
the trading routes
in the western
Mediterranean
from Carthage.
Between 264 and
146 BCE, Rome and
Carthage fought
three wars, called
the Punic Wars.
In the Third Punic
War, the Romans
destroyed Carthage
and sold many
of its people into
slavery. By conquering Carthage
during the Punic
Wars, Rome gained
huge areas of
wheat-growing
land in Sicily and
North Africa. The
Romans also
brought home a
treasure trove of
silver from Spain.
u AS IT WAS TAKING
control of the western Mediterranean
from Carthage,
Rome was also
expanding its
power throughout the eastern
Mediterranean.
Rome’s powerful
armies conquered
many of the
Hellenistic, or
Greek-like, kingdoms in this region
that had once been
part of Alexander
the Great’s
empire. Major
victories included
the defeats of
Macedonia and
Corinth. In some
cases, foreign
people agreed to
come under Roman
control peacefully.
1/20/17 11:21 AM
14
Trouble in the Republic
Even as Roman power and influence spread
throughout the Mediterranean region, the
republic was becoming less stable. The
many enslaved people arriving in Rome
from conquered lands caused problems for
the economy. Roman workers, especially
farmers, couldn’t compete with the free
labor of enslaved people. Many farmers
had to sell their land. Without work, many
became beggars.
The rich and powerful didn’t care about
the problems of the poor. Even the tribunes, who were supposed to speak for the
plebeians, didn’t help. The Roman government was designed to divide power among
its parts, but over the years the Senate had
gained power. Rich and powerful patricians
controlled the government. The stage was
set for conflict.
u LACKING KITCHENS,
poor Romans
bought hot food
from street vendors, or they’d
cook their own
food on stoves in
the street. They’d
u ENSLAVED PEOPLE
were the poorest
of the poor. Their
lives were very
hard, and they
were crowded into
the dirtiest, noisiest
areas of the city.
Their apartments
were in tall, badly
built buildings that
had no heat or
water. They barely
even had furniture.
Poor children
usually didn’t
learn how to
read or write.
Early_Romans_14-15.indd 16
eat outside or take
the food home,
but few had tables
and chairs. Indoor
plumbing was rare,
so poor people had
no easy way to
get fresh water at
home. They’d go to
public fountains to
fill jugs with water.
Life was different
for the rich, who
had water flowing
through pipes right
into their homes.
l THE POOR
weren’t the only
ones suffering.
In the conquered
lands, governors
made the people
pay high taxes
without providing
any services to the
people. This led to
rebellions in many
conquered lands.
Because of continued military action
in the conquered
lands, Roman generals became rich
and influential.
1/20/17 11:24 AM
15
u TIBERIUS
Gracchus and his
brother, Gaius
Gracchus, were
patricians who
wanted to help the
poor. Both served
as tribunes. The
Senate, which was
made up of rich
patricians, opposed
reforms that took
wealth from the
rich and powerful.
The Gracchus
r BEFORE SULLA,
no Roman general
had ever marched
on Rome. After
that, it became
common for generals to use force
to gain control of
the government.
After Marius’s
death, Sulla again
marched on Rome
in 83 BCE, starting a
civil war. When he
won, Sulla became
the first dictator to
rule without a sixmonth term limit.
Though he retired
after three years,
generals continued
to rule Rome. The
constitution was
ignored. Rome
was a republic
in name only.
Early_Romans_14-15.indd 17
brothers took laws
directly to the
plebeian assembly instead of
going through the
Senate. A threatened, angry Senate
had both brothers
killed. The growing
political conflict
and violence of
this period had a
destabilizing effect
on the republic.
u POLITICAL UNREST
made the republic a target for
rebellions, slave
revolts, and outside attacks. Two
Roman generals,
Gaius Marius
(above) and Sulla,
led the armies
defending Rome –
but both generals
wanted to rule
Rome. Marius convinced a tribune to
give him command
of part of the army.
Sulla responded by
marching on Rome
with his most loyal
troops in 88 BCE.
1/20/17 11:24 AM
16
The Roman Empire
Imagine you’re a poor boy growing up in
Rome. Your parents can’t help you get a
start in life. Most of the work in the city
is done by enslaved people. This means
there are few opportunities for you.
But General Gaius Marius has recently
changed the rules for joining the army.
Before, only citizens who owned property
could serve. Now, anyone can join.
If you join the army and serve loyally,
your general may reward you with land
in one of the conquered lands. Then
you’ll be able to retire and have something
to leave to your children. Many of the
soldiers in the armies of the late Roman
Republic are like you. They will follow
their general wherever he asks, even
into battle against other Romans.
FOR CENTURIES,
Rome had been
governed based
on laws and democratic institutions.
But after 88 bce,
political violence
spread. Military
power began
to overshadow
the rule of law
in Roman government. In this
environment,
generals with
loyal armies, like
Julius Caesar, had
great power.
r IN 59 BCE, THREE
powerful Roman
generals agreed to
share power in an
arrangement called
a triumvirate, or
group of three
rulers. Pompey
and Crassus
were experienced
commanders and
politicians. Julius
Caesar was young
and ambitious. He
made a plan to
rule all of Rome.
He invaded and
conquered Gaul,
and became its
governor. While in
Gaul, he arranged
for two powerful
senators, Cato
and Cicero, to be
removed. When
it was time to
return to Rome,
Caesar learned that
Pompey had turned
against him. In 49
BCE, Caesar led his
army across the
Rubicon River into
Italy and started a
civil war.
CAESAR
POMPEY
“Take we the course which the signs
of the gods and the false dealing of
our foes point out. The die is cast!”*
CRASSUS
Early_Romans_16-17_v2.indd 16
*Julius Caesar. S u et on iu s . J. C. Rolfe, Ph.D., trans. W. Heinemann, 1914.
1/20/17 11:27 AM
17
u JULIUS CAESAR’S
death led to a civil
war. Caesar’s heir,
his grandnephew
Octavian, first
cooperated with
the Senate against
u IN 44 BCE,
after Caesar’s
army crushed his
enemies, he got
himself declared
dictator for life
over Rome and all
of its provinces. A
month later, Caesar
was assassinated
by a group of 60
men. The leaders
of the assassination plot were the
senators Brutus
and Cassius.
d AFTER THE
Second Triumvirate
ended, Mark Antony
formed an alliance
with Cleopatra, the
queen of Egypt.
Octavian stirred
up anger against
the idea of a foreign queen having
power over Roman
lands and declared
war against Antony
and Cleopatra.
Octavian won the
war and conquered
Egypt. With that,
the Romans controlled the entire
Mediterranean
coast.
u OCTAVIAN
returned from his
conquest of Egypt
to a hero’s welcome in Rome. In
27 BCE, the Senate
gave him the title
Augustus, which
Early_Romans_16-17_v2.indd 17
Mark Antony. Later,
Octavian agreed to
share leadership
with Mark Antony
and Lepidus, forming the Second
Triumvirate.
means “majestic
one.” Augustus
Caesar, as he
is now known,
became the first
emperor of Rome.
He kept in place
the Senate, assem-
Together, they
defeated Brutus
and Cassius in the
civil war, but the
triumvirate eventually fell apart.
blies, and tribunes,
but they no longer
had real power.
Ancient Rome
would never again
be governed by the
people. The Roman
Empire had begun.
1/20/17 11:27 AM
18
Activities
PUBLISH AN ANCIENT NEWSPAPER
Put together a newspaper that
tells about important people,
places, and events of ancient
Rome. Decide on a clever name for
your paper. Then, choose people,
places, and events that you will
include in the paper, and decide
how you will show them. You could
show them in a weather report,
an obituary, a biography, and in
stories. Illustrate your newspaper
with drawings and advertisements
that relate to that time.
ROLE-PLAY THE
FUNCTIONS OF ROME’S
TRIPARTITE GOVERNMENT
Divide into groups to represent a senate, two
consuls, and an assembly. Group members
playing the consuls should propose a new law.
Then, allow time for the members playing the
Senate to advise the consuls on the law. After
hearing the Senate’s advice, the consuls should
decide on whether changes should be made to
the law. Finally, have those representing the
assembly take a vote on the new law.
Early_Romans_18-19.indd 18
1/20/17 11:34 AM
19
MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES
Roman Empire
Ancient Rome may be long gone,
but its legacy lives on in the Western
world in just about every area of life.
From the birth of law to major contributions in engineering and language,
the Roman Empire’s influence
endures today.
Christianity and
Rome’s Legacies
As an empire, Rome’s expansive reach
stretched far and wide across the
ancient world. Today, we still see its
impact and influence across the globe.
Paramount to Rome’s empire was the
religion of Christianity, a centerpiece in
the empire’s growth and legacy.
Early Greeks
From philosophy to democracy, ancient
Greece has had a profound impact on
civilization. But how did Greek culture
and society get its start? Learn about
the geography of the region and
its direct impact on trade, which
gave birth to such cities as Sparta
and Athens.
CALIFORNIA
STANDARDS
HSS 6.7 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and
social structures during the development of Rome.
LEARN
MORE
ONLINE!
• The Tiber River begins in the
Apennines and flows south for
252 miles to the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Over the years, the Tiber River has
deposited a great amount of silt at
its mouth.
• The Roman historian Titus Livius
(also called Livy) recorded a speech
he claimed the dictator Furius
Camillus gave after the Gauls
burned Rome in 390 BCE. Camillus
Early_Romans_18-19.indd 19
convinced the people of Rome to
stay and rebuild.
• In ancient Rome, as in many
cultures, symbols helped to remind
people of everyone’s place in
society.
• Though ancient Rome and ancient
China were very different cultures,
they shared some ideas about the
importance of government service.
6.7.1 Identify the location and describe
the rise of the Roman Republic, including
the importance of such mythical and historical figures as Aeneas, Romulus and
Remus, Cincinnatus, Julius Caesar, and
Cicero. 6.7.2 Describe the government of
the Roman Republic and its significance
(e.g., written constitution and tripartite
government, checks and balances, civic
duty). 6.7.3 Identify the location of and the
political and geographic reasons for the
growth of Roman territories and expansion
of the empire, including how the empire
fostered economic growth through the use
of currency and trade routes. 6.7.4 Discuss
the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus
in Rome’s transition from republic to empire.
Historical and Social Sciences
Analysis Skills:
Research, Evidence, and Point of View
5. Students detect the different historical
points of view on historical events and
determine the context in which the historical statements were made (the questions
asked, sources used, author’s perspectives).
1/20/17 11:34 AM
hmhco.com
EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon
ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design
DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel,
David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech
PHOTO RESEARCH: Jenna Minchuk,
Elisabeth Morgan
ACTIVITIES WRITER: Kristine Scharaldi
PROOFREADER: Carolyn Jackson
FACT-CHECKER: Margaret Mittelbach
AUTHOR: Colleen Ryan
AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Barak Zimmerman
PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine
CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine
GRADE 6 TITLES
World’s Early People
Ancient India
Mesopotamia
Indian Empires
Ancient Egypt
Ancient China
Archaeology
Early Romans
Language
Roman Empire
Ancient Hebrews
Christianity and Rome’s Legacies
Early Greeks
Olmec and Maya
Greece’s Golden Age
Civil Rights
Ancient Persia
ON THE COVER: Romulus and Remus, the founding brothers of Rome, illustration for Storia
d’Italia. Bridgeman Images: Paolo Giudici.
PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: Active Museum: p.8 top right (Cincinnatus receiving the
ambassadors); Chronicle: p.5 top (early Rome), p.6 top right (Lucius Junius Brutus), p.6
bottom right (Roman consuls), pp.10–11 (the Twelve Tables), p.17 top center (Marcus
Aemilius Lepidus); Classic Image: p.13 bottom right (the Battle of Cynoscephalae),
p.17 bottom left (Cleopatra); Cristiano Fronteddu: p.16 bottom center (Crassus); Erin
Babnik: p.15 bottom (Sulla); H. M. Herget: p.14 bottom (Roman provincial governor);
Interfoto: p.9 bottom right (consul in 509 BCE); Ivy Close Images: p.3 top left (seven
hills), p.7 bottom left (Battle of Lake Regillus); Lebrecht: p.9 top left (tribune in the
Roman Republic); Mary Evans Picture Library: p.7 top (Roman Senate Embassy); North
Wind Picture Archives: p.9 bottom center (revolt of the plebeians); Peter Horree: p.15
top right (Gaius Marius); Photo12/Archives Snark: p.8 bottom right (the Roman consul);
Plrang GFX: p.16 bottom center (Pompey); Quint & Lox: p.5 middle left (Tarquin the
Elder); Walker Art Library: p.17 top right (Mark Antony). Bridgeman Images: Jacques
Antoine Beaufort: p.6 top right (Lucius Brutus and Collatinus); French School: p.16
center middle (Caesar crossing the Rubicon); Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur: p.9
top right (patrician woman); Heinrich Leutemann: p.13 bottom left (Hannibal crossing
the Alps); Italian School: p.17 top left (Julius Caesar conquered Gaul); J. E. Bulloz: p.3
top right (grape harvest); Jacob de Heusch: p.13 top left (Ponte Rotto); Leeds Museums
and Art Galleries: p.4 bottom left (wolf mosiac); Museo Archeologico Nazionale: p.3
bottom right (battle of the gladiators); Tancredi Scarpelli: p.4 bottom right (Romulus
and Remus); Severino Baraldi: p.13 top right (assault on Carthage), p.13 middle left
(conquering by Genius). iStock Images: Marcus Lindstrom: p.16 bottom right (Caesar);
oversnap: p.7 bottom right (Queen Elizabeth); Romaoslo: p.17 bottom right (Augustus).
North Wind Picture Archive: Gerry Embleton: p.5 bottom right (ancient Etruscans in
battle); Maryann Groves: p.15 top left (Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus); North Wind Picture
Archives: p.14 middle left (merchants from Carthage). Shutterstock: canan kaya: p.3
bottom left (Athena); Lukas Gojda: p.2 bottom left (Italian fields); Pokomeda: p.18 top
(newspaper cartoon); Renata Sedmakova: p.19 top right (statue of Titus Livius); Sentavio:
p.18 bottom (Roman senators); TTstudio: p.19 top middle (Vatican); vvoe: p.19 top left
(Colosseum).
ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS:
Brobel Design: Maps: p.2, p.12.
Michael Kline Illustration: Setting the Twelve Tables, Caesar (Not the Salad)!, cover;
Tiber River Trading, p.4; Roman Voting, p.6; The Roman Republic, p.8; Plebeian Soldier
and Villa, p.9; Enslaved Enemies, p.12; Water Jugs, p.14.
Copyright © by Kids Discover, LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording,
or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal
copyright law. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be submitted through our Permissions website at https://customercare.hmhco.com/
contactus/Permissions.html or mailed to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, Attn: Intellectual Property Licensing, 9400 Southpark Center Loop, Orlando,
Florida 32819-8647.
Printed in the U.S.A.
ISBN 978-1-328-80188-3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 XXXX 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
4500000000 A B C D E F G
If you have received these materials as examination copies free of charge, Houghton
Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company retains title to the materials and they may not
be resold. Resale of examination copies is strictly prohibited.
Early_Romans_BC.indd 2
Possession of this publication in print format does not entitle users to convert this
publication, or any portion of it, into electronic format.
6
1686988
1/20/17 11:30 AM