Download Chapters 14, 15, 16 [Compatibility Mode]

14 The Fossil Record
Fossils
and Ancient Life
Fossils Form
Interpreting Fossil Evidence
How
Chapters 14, 15, 16
– Relative Dating
– Radioactive Dating
Theories & The most
dangerous book Mr.
Lawrence can bring to
class!
Geologic
Time Scale
– Eras
– Periods
1
Radiometric Dating
2
Is this a good graph?
Radioactive Decay
3
4
Geological Time Periods
15 - Background
Charles
Era
Period
(millions of
Time years ago)
Quaternary
1.8–present
Tertiary
65–1.8
Cretaceous
145–65
Jurassic
208–145
Triassic
245–208
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Permian
290 – 245
Carboniferous
360–290
Devonian
410–360
Silurian
440–410
Ordovician
505–440
Cambrian
544–505
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Vendian
650–544
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Darwin
– Voyage of the H.M.S. “Beagle”
6
1
15 - Continued
Published
15 Idea’s That Influenced Darwin
An
his results
– On The Origin of Species
Evolution
by Natural Selection
Lamarck’s
– “Survival of the Fittest”
Where
Ancient, Changing Earth
– Hutton and Geological Change
– Lyell’s Principles of Geology
Evolution Hypotheses
– Tendency Toward Perfection
– Use and Disuse
– Inheritance of Acquired Traits
– Evaluating Lamarck’s Hypotheses
did his ideas come from?
Malthus
and Population Growth
7
Evidence?
8
15 Section Assessment
Evidence of
Evolution
What
two ideas from geology were
important to Darwin’s thinking?
According to Lamarck, how did
organisms acquire traits?
According to Malthus, what factors
limited population growth?
How did Lyell’s Principles of Geology
influence Darwin?
includes
The fossil
record
Geographic
distribution of
living species
Homologous
body
structures
Similarities
in early
development
which is composed of
which indicates
which implies
which implies
Physical
remains of
organisms
Common
ancestral
species
Similar genes
Similar genes
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Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
The Idea of Evolution
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Evolutionary Relationships Between
Whales and Hoofed Mammals
Evolution is the process of change in the
inherited characteristics within populations
over generations such that new types of
organisms develop from preexisting types.
2
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
The Idea of Evolution, continued
The Idea of Evolution, continued
Ideas
Ideas
of Darwin’s Time
– Scientific understanding of evolution
began to develop in the 17th and 18th
centuries as geologists and naturalists
compared geologic processes and living
and fossil organisms around the world.
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
The Idea of Evolution, continued
Lamarck’s
about Geology
– Among geologists, Cuvier promoted the
idea of catastrophism, and Lyell
promoted uniformitarianism.
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Ideas on Evolution
– Among naturalists, Lamarck proposed
the inheritance of acquired
characteristics as a mechanism for
evolution.
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Darwin’s Ideas
Descent
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Darwin’s Voyage
with Modification
– Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species,
in which he argued that descent with
modification occurs, that all species
descended from common ancestors, and
that natural selection is the
mechanism for evolution.
3
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Darwin’s Ideas, continued
Natural
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Natural Selection
Selection
– Organisms in a population adapt to their
environment as the proportion of
individuals with genes for favorable
traits increases.
– Those individuals that pass on more
genes are considered to have greater
fitness.
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
The Fossil Record
Adaptation
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
The Fossil Record,
The Age ofcontinued
Fossils
– Geologic evidence supports theories
about the age and development of
Earth.
Evidence of evolution can be found by
comparing several kinds of data, including
the fossil record, biogeography, anatomy
and development, and biological
molecules.
Evolutionary theories are supported when
several kinds of evidence support similar
conclusions.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
The Fossil Record,
continued
The Distribution
of Fossils
– The fossil record shows that the types
and distribution of organisms on Earth
have changed over time.
4
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
The Fossil Record,
continued
Transitional
Species
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Evidence of
Whale Evolution
– Fossils of transitional species show
evidence of descent with modification.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Chapter 15
Biogeography
Biogeography,
the study of the
locations of organisms around the
world, provides evidence of descent
with modification.
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Anatomy and Physiology
In
organisms, analogous
structures are similar in function
but have different evolutionary
origins.
Homologous
structures have a
common evolutionary origin.
Chapter 15
Forelimbs of
Vertebrates
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Chapter 15
A
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Anatomy and Physiology,
continued
species with a vestigial structure
probably shares ancestry with a
species that has a functional form of
the structure.
5
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Vestigial Features
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Chapter 15
Anatomy and Physiology,
continued
Related species
show similarities in
embryological development.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Similarities in Embryology
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Chapter 15
Biological Molecules
Similarity
in the subunit sequences
of biological molecules such as RNA,
DNA, and proteins indicates a
common evolutionary history.
Chapter 15
Hemoglobin
Comparison
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
16-1 Evolution as Genetic Change
Genetic
Drift
– Normal breeding
– “Founder Effect”
Remember
the Macaques from the movie?
– Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Probability
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6
Chapter 15
Section Assessment
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Developing Theory
Describe how natural selection can affect
traits controlled by single genes.
Describe three patterns of natural
selection on polygenic traits. Which one
leads to two distinct phenotypes?
How does genetic drift lead to a change in
a population’s gene pool?
What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
Modern
scientists integrate Darwin’s
theory with other advances in
biological knowledge.
Theories
and hypotheses about
evolution continue to be proposed
and investigated.
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Test: What To Study?
These
notes
Vocabulary (Quiz on Monday)
Section Assessments:
– 14-2 q#2
– 15-1 q#1,2,3,4
– 16-1 q#5, 16-2 q#1,2,3,4,5
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