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Chapters 14, 15, 16
Theories & The most
dangerous book Mr.
Lawrence can bring to
class!
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14 The Fossil Record
 Fossils
and Ancient Life
 How Fossils Form
 Interpreting Fossil Evidence
– Relative Dating
– Radioactive Dating
 Geologic
Time Scale
– Eras
– Periods
2
Radiometric Dating
3
Is this a good graph?
Radioactive Decay
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Geological Time Periods
Era
Period
(millions of
Time years ago)
Quaternary
1.8–present
Tertiary
65–1.8
Cretaceous
145–65
Jurassic
208–145
Triassic
245–208
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Permian
290 – 245
Carboniferous
360–290
Devonian
410–360
Silurian
440–410
Ordovician
505–440
Cambrian
544–505
Era
(millions of
Period
Time years ago)
Vendian
650–544
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15 - Background
 Charles
Darwin
– Voyage of the H.M.S. “Beagle”
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15 - Continued
 Published
his results
– On The Origin of Species
 Evolution
by Natural Selection
– “Survival of the Fittest”
 Where
did his ideas come from?
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15 Idea’s That Influenced Darwin
 An
Ancient, Changing Earth
– Hutton and Geological Change
– Lyell’s Principles of Geology
 Lamarck’s
Evolution Hypotheses
– Tendency Toward Perfection
– Use and Disuse
– Inheritance of Acquired Traits
– Evaluating Lamarck’s Hypotheses
 Malthus
and Population Growth
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Evidence?
Evidence of
Evolution
includes
The fossil
record
Geographic
distribution of
living species
Homologous
body
structures
Similarities
in early
development
which is composed of
which indicates
which implies
which implies
Physical
remains of
organisms
Common
ancestral
species
Similar genes
Similar genes
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15 Section Assessment
 What
two ideas from geology were
important to Darwin’s thinking?
 According to Lamarck, how did
organisms acquire traits?
 According to Malthus, what factors
limited population growth?
 How did Lyell’s Principles of Geology
influence Darwin?
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16-1 Evolution as Genetic Change
 Genetic
Drift
– Normal breeding
– “Founder Effect”
 Remember
the Macaques from the movie?
– Hardy-Weinberg Principle
 Probability
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Section Assessment
Describe how natural selection can affect
traits controlled by single genes.
 Describe three patterns of natural
selection on polygenic traits. Which one
leads to two distinct phenotypes?
 How does genetic drift lead to a change in
a population’s gene pool?
 What is the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

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Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
The Idea of Evolution

Evolution is the process of change in the
inherited characteristics within populations
over generations such that new types of
organisms develop from preexisting types.
Evolutionary Relationships Between
Whales and Hoofed Mammals
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
The Idea of Evolution, continued
 Ideas
of Darwin’s Time
– Scientific understanding of evolution
began to develop in the 17th and 18th
centuries as geologists and naturalists
compared geologic processes and living
and fossil organisms around the world.
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
The Idea of Evolution, continued
 Ideas
about Geology
– Among geologists, Cuvier promoted the
idea of catastrophism, and Lyell
promoted uniformitarianism.
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
The Idea of Evolution, continued
 Lamarck’s
Ideas on Evolution
– Among naturalists, Lamarck proposed
the inheritance of acquired
characteristics as a mechanism for
evolution.
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Darwin’s Ideas
 Descent
with Modification
– Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species,
in which he argued that descent with
modification occurs, that all species
descended from common ancestors, and
that natural selection is the
mechanism for evolution.
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Darwin’s Voyage
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Darwin’s Ideas, continued
 Natural
Selection
– Organisms in a population adapt to their
environment as the proportion of
individuals with genes for favorable
traits increases.
– Those individuals that pass on more
genes are considered to have greater
fitness.
Chapter 15
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Natural Selection
Chapter 15
Adaptation
Section 1 History of
Evolutionary Thought
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
The Fossil Record


Evidence of evolution can be found by
comparing several kinds of data, including
the fossil record, biogeography, anatomy
and development, and biological
molecules.
Evolutionary theories are supported when
several kinds of evidence support similar
conclusions.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
The Fossil Record,
 The Age ofcontinued
Fossils
– Geologic evidence supports theories
about the age and development of
Earth.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
The Fossil Record,
continued
 The Distribution
of Fossils
– The fossil record shows that the types
and distribution of organisms on Earth
have changed over time.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
The Fossil Record,
continued
 Transitional
Species
– Fossils of transitional species show
evidence of descent with modification.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Evidence of
Whale Evolution
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Biogeography
 Biogeography,
the study of the
locations of organisms around the
world, provides evidence of descent
with modification.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Anatomy and Physiology
 In
organisms, analogous
structures are similar in function
but have different evolutionary
origins.
 Homologous
structures have a
common evolutionary origin.
Chapter 15
Forelimbs of
Vertebrates
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Chapter 15
A
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Anatomy and Physiology,
continued
species with a vestigial structure
probably shares ancestry with a
species that has a functional form of
the structure.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Vestigial Features
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Anatomy and Physiology,
continued
 Related species
show similarities in
embryological development.
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Similarities in Embryology
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Biological Molecules
 Similarity
in the subunit sequences
of biological molecules such as RNA,
DNA, and proteins indicates a
common evolutionary history.
Chapter 15
Hemoglobin
Comparison
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Chapter 15
Section 2 Evidence of
Evolution
Developing Theory
 Modern
scientists integrate Darwin’s
theory with other advances in
biological knowledge.
 Theories
and hypotheses about
evolution continue to be proposed
and investigated.
Test: What To Study?
 These
notes
 Vocabulary (Quiz on Monday)
 Section Assessments:
– 14-2 q#2
– 15-1 q#1,2,3,4
– 16-1 q#5, 16-2 q#1,2,3,4,5
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