Download - Adaptation Learning Mechanism

Proposal for funding for the preparation of
A National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)
Country Name:
Senegal
Project Title:
Enabling activities to facilitate the preparation of
a National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPAs) for Senegal
GEF Implementing Agency:
UNEP
GEF operational focal point:
Ms Fatima Dia Toure, Director of Environment
Climate change focal point:
Ms Fatima Dia Toure, Director of Environment
National lead agency:
Directorate of Environment, Ministry of Environment and
Natural Protection
Country eligibility:
(i)
LDC country
(ii)
Date of UNFCCC ratification: 17th October 1994
GEF financing:
US$ 195,000
Government contribution:
Estimated total budget:
US$ 195,000
Estimated starting date:
August 2003
Duration:
15 months
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Introduction
1. Senegal is located in the western most point of Africa. It is a flat country with an average altitude of
200m, a surface area of 197,000km2, and a population of 10 million estimated to be growing at a rate
of 2.7% annually. The country is located in the Sahelian region, hard hit by many years of drought – a
fragile region that is vulnerable to adverse climate change. More than 53% of the population lives in
rural areas. Senegal has about 6.2 million hectares of forests and woodlands that constitute 32.2 % of
the total land area in the mainland. The average annual rate of deforestation is 0.7 %.
Economy
2. Senegal is the main hub of economic activity in the Sahelian region. The primary sector remains the
foundation of the economy supporting 75% of the economically active population. The economy is
highly vulnerable to variations in rainfall and changes in world commodity prices.
3. The GDP per capita is $453. With an external debt of US$ 2,495 million, and with its economic
reform programme on track, Senegal qualified for the multilateral debt relief initiative for heavily
indebted poor countries (HIPC). Macroeconomic indicators show that Senegal turned in a respectable
performance in meeting IMF targets in 2002, increasing the annual GDP to 5.7% inflation reducing to
0.7% and current account deficit (excluding transfers) was held at less than 6% of GDP.
4. Agriculture, industry and services account for 19%, 20% and 61% respectively of the GDP. The
growth rate in industrial and services sectors is at 4.8%, and 4.0%, respectively while the agricultural
sector lags behind at 1.9%. Tourism is the fourth major foreign exchange earner for Senegal,
attracting 500,000 tourists in 2000 earning US$ 120 million.
Agriculture
5. Agriculture employs about 70 percent of the country’s work force, mostly in subsistence farming and
cash crops. Key agricultural crops include millet, groundnuts, sorghum, rice, corn and cotton.
Groundnuts and cotton are also key export commodities.
6. Export of peanuts has been valued at US$ 79 million in 2000 making it the second largest export earner
in the country.
7. Dakar receives annual rainfall of 61 cm while the Southern part of the country gets 150 cm.
Vulnerabilities of agriculture to climate change could be in the form of reduced yields as a result of
increased pest and disease incidences arising out of abnormally wet conditions. This would affect crop
yields. An additional problem that could also be experienced would be in form of increased post-harvest
losses due to increased temperature and humidity that provides a conducive environment for pests in the
storage facilities.
8. Since women are involved in most agricultural activities, they are likely to be more vulnerable to climate
change impacts on agriculture.
Poverty
9. About 40.4% and 33.4% of rural and national population respectively live below the national poverty
line, 26.3% population live below $1 a day, while 67.8% of the population live below $2 a day
(1995).
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10. The poor are more vulnerable to climate change since they do not have sufficient income to prepare
and cope from the adverse effects of climate change. Poor women are more vulnerable, since they
have the lowest incomes and depend on income from relatives or small income generating activities.
In floods, the poor are usually displaced due to the temporary nature of their homes. They are also
more susceptible to water borne diseases, since they rely on untreated water, which could get
contaminated during floods. Adaptation measures for the poor have not been dealt with in Senegal,
and will be tackled in the preparation of the proposed NAPA.
Energy
11. The major energy source in Senegal is biomass. Traditional fuels such as fuel wood and charcoal
account for 57% of total energy use, petroleum products contribute about 40% with the rest coming from
electricity. It accounts for 98.5% of electricity generation, while natural gas accounts for the
remaining 1.5%. The country’s electricity is thermally generated from six thermal power stations and
adds up to only 295MW. Rural access to electricity is estimated to be 5% while in urban areas access is
above 50%. The international Senegal River flow along the country’s borders offering a substantial hydro
potential of 1000MW.
12. The continued heavy reliance on wood fuel in both urban and rural areas is a major vulnerability area.
As the forest resources are depleted, the impact would be more adverse. The resultant scarcity of biomass
fuels would affect women, since they would have to travel longer distances to collect firewood. Various
programmes have been tried such as the improved cook stove programmes, and improved charcoal kilns.
These could directly benefit women, by reducing the amount of fuel used and therefore the time and
distance for firewood collection. Diffusion rates have, however, been slow. The proposed NAPA will
investigate additional adaptation options for the energy sector.
Transport and Infrastructure
13. Senegal boasts one of the best road networks in West Africa. It has 14,576km of highways of which
4,271km are paved and 10,305km are unpaved. Railway lines total 1,300km. Waterways include
Senegal River, which is navigable for 220km throughout the year. An estimated 924km inland is
navigable for part of the year.
14. Road and associated infrastructure are vulnerable to changes in climate patterns and increased
occurrence of flooding. Heavy rains and floods damage seasonal roads that are critical in the
marketing of agricultural produce in rural areas, an activity mostly undertaken by women. Possible
response measures include construction of specially reinforced roads, bridges and culverts, improving
drainage capacity of the infrastructure by increased reliance on opened drains as opposed to closed
drains. Changes in sea level also affect ports and harbours and interfere with sea freight. One adaptation
measure that could address this threat would be erecting coastal defenses, which could cost up to 20%
of the GNP of Senegal. The proposed NAPA exercise will investigate vulnerabilities in this sector,
and propose priority adaptation options.
Health
15. Life expectancy at birth in Senegal is about 52 years (2000) overall and 51 and 54 years (2000) for males
and females respectively. Infant mortality rate is about 60 per 1000, while the maternal mortality rate is
significantly high at about 1200 per 100,000. Under-five mortality rates are about 129 per 1000. Total
and severe malnutrition declined from 23 percent in 1990 to 13 percent in 2000. This places a big burden
on women, who have to take care of the sick children. About 65 percent of the rural population and 92
percent of urban population have access to improved and safe water supply. Sanitation services are
available to about 48 percent of the rural population and 94 percent of the urban population.
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16. In terms of vulnerability to climate change in the health sector, changes in rainfall amounts could lead
to changes in run-off, which would affect availability of water to the population. Women are more
vulnerable to water scarcity since they would have to travel longer distances to fetch fresh potable
water. Flooding could lead to contamination of drinking water by sewage.
17. Some key indicators for the health sector are provided in the table below:
Physicians per 1000 people
Hospital beds per 1000 people
Child Immunization rate (under 1 year)
–Measles
–DPT
Prevalence of under –nourishment
Child malnutrition (under 5 years)
Births attended by skilled health staff.
Source: World Development Indicators, 2002
0.1
0.4
60%
60%
23%
23%
47%
Water resource
18. The Senegal River Valley, sometimes known as the Chemama or the pre-Sahel, is a narrow belt of
land that extends north of the Senegal River. Before the droughts of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, the
belt ranged from sixteen to thirty kilometers north of the river. By the late 1980s, desertification had
reached the northern bank of the river in some parts of the valley. The valley is wider in Guidimaka
Region and is completely dominated by the seasonal cycle of the river.
19. The climate of the Senegal River Valley contrasts with that of the Saharan and Sahelian zones.
Rainfall is higher than in other regions, ranging from 400 millimeters to 600 millimeters annually,
usually between May and September. This rainfall, combined with annual flooding of the river,
provides the basis for agriculture. Temperatures are cooler and subject to less annual and diurnal
variation than in other regions.
20. From its source in Guinea, it flows north and west 2,500 kilometers, reaching the Atlantic Ocean at
Saint Louis, Senegal. From its mouth, the river is navigable as far as Kayes, Mali, during the rainy
season and Podor, Senegal, during the rest of the year. Heavy rains, beginning in April in Guinea and
May and June in Senegal and Mali, bring annual floods. These floods cover the entire valley up to a
width of twenty-five to thirty-five kilometers, filling numerous lakes and sloughs (marigots) that
empty back into the river during the dry season. When the waters recede from the bottomlands,
planting begins.
21. The Senegal River Valley, with its rich alluvial and clayey soil, is comparatively abundant in flora.
Moreover, higher rainfall, irrigation, and abundant side channels and sloughs tend to produce lush,
near-tropical vegetation, with baobab and gonakie trees and abundant rich grasses. Ddounm and
barussus palms are also found here. Much of the flood plain is cultivated.
Coastal Resources and Fisheries
22. The coastline of Senegal is about 500km long. Due to a condition known as upwelling, the
Senegalese waters are among the richest fishing grounds in the world. The fishing sector has replaced
the groundnut as Senegal’s export leader earning reached US$ 239 million in 2002. Fishing
constituted 30% of merchandise exports in 1998 and employs 15% of the economically active
population.
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23. The enabling activities for the preparation of the 1st National Communication on climate change in
Senegal included a vulnerability assessment of the coastal areas in Senegal. The study identified the
following vulnerabilities: Flooding of flat zones; increased erosion of coastal plains; penetration of
sea water in coastal rivers and aquifers; change in sedimentary deposits; changes in “upwelling” and
water productivity; changes in human activities; displacement of population; change of agricultural
activities, e.g. crops grown, and where they are grown; change in fishing patterns and activities,
especially those that depend on upwelling; destruction of towns, industries and infrastructure located
in coastal zones; and, water supply shortages. Some of the adaptation measures that could be
considered are:
24. Improvement of drainage networks by for example, increasing the drainage capacity of infrastructure
or introducing pumped drainage
25. Construction of flood shelters and refuge areas
26. The proposed NAPA will assess the above measures as well as any other additional options and
identify priority adaptation and coping measures.
Institutional Context
27. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Protection was created in 1993. It acts under the authority of
the Prime Minister and the President of the Republic. The Ministry has a mandate to implement the
National Environmental Policy, oversee the environmental impact assessments and management of
protected areas.
28. The Ministry has two priorities, namely:
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Sustainable Management of National Renewable Resources.
Conservation of Biodiversity and Desertification
29. The activities of the ministry are broadly centred on the following areas:
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Fighting pollution and hazards
Educating the public
Soil conservation and regeneration
Partnerships with local groups and NGOs
Safeguarding national parks and reserves
Evaluating impacts of development projects.
30. The multi-disciplinary Higher Council for Environment, (CONSERE) established in 1993 supports the
Department of Environment, which in turn is the secretariat of CONSERE. It provides a permanent
consultation framework for coordinating and efficiently directing the natural resource management in
line with macro-economic goals.
31. The National Committee on Climate Change (COMNACC) was created by a decree of the
Government following the Earth Summit in 1992 on the recognition that climate change constitutes
one of the greatest challenges and requires urgent action. The National Committee Climate Change
can, where necessary, include all necessary expertise to conclude its tasks and can intervene in all the
fields relating to the implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) and its protocols. The National Committee on Climate Change is composed
representatives of the following institutions:
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Présidence de la République
Assemblée Nationale
Primature
Ministère chargé des mines, de l’énergie et de l’hydraulique
Ministère chargé de l’industrie et de l’artisanat
Ministère chargé des affaires étrangères
Ministère de l’Intérieur
Ministère chargé de l’économie et des finances
Ministère chargé des infrastructures, de l’équipement et des transports
Ministère chargé de l’éducation
Ministère chargé de l’environnement
Ministère chargé de la santé, de l’Hygiène et de la prévention
Ministère chargé de l’agriculture et de l’élevage
Ministère chargé de la pêche
Ministère chargé de la communication
Ministère chargé du commerce
Ministère chargé du tourisme
Ministère chargé des Forces armées
Ministère chargé de l’urbanisme et de l’aménagement du territoire
Centre de Suivi Ecologique (CSE)
Organisations Non Gouvernementales (CONGAD, ENDA Tiers Monde, ….)
Comité National de Concertation des Ruraux
Groupement des Professionnels du Pétrole
Chambre de Commerce, d’Industrie et d’Agriculture du Sénégal
Conseil National du Patronat
Confédération Nationale des Employeurs du Sénégal
Agence de Promotion et d’Investissements des Grands Travaux (APIX)
Agence Sénégalaise de l’Electrification (ASER)
Associations Féminines
Associations de jeunes
Réseau des journalistes de l’Environnement
Associations d’élus locaux
Entreprises du secteur privé et du secteur parapublic
Bureaux d’études
Syndicats professionnels (SPIDS, CNTS, UNSAS, …),
Universités et autres institutions de recherche.
32. In the non-governmental sector, one of the best known institutions is ENDA (Environnement et
Développement du Tiers-Monde), which is an International Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO)
that provides local people’s groups and organisations with assistance according to their needs and
objectives. ENDA supports research into alternative modes of development and collaborates on a
worldwide basis with other international NGOs sharing its basic aims.
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Table 1: Institutional Structure and NAPA Preparation
Ministry of Environment and Natural
Protection
Department of
Environment
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Department of
National Parks
CONSERE
Multidisciplinary higher
Council for
Environment
NAPA Team
Office of the President
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs
Members of the National Assembly
A representative of the civil society +++
A representative of the academic community
Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network
(Réseau Intégré Multidisciplinaire d'Évaluation RIME)
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Agriculture
Ministry of Agriculture and Stockbreeding
Ministry of Mines, Energy and Hydrology
Ministry of Fisheries
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Planning
Ministry of Tourism
Ministry of Urbanism
Ministry of infrastructure, Equipment and Transport
Ministry of Industry and Artisans
Department of Hydrology and Institute of Environment,
University of Cheikh Anta Diop
ENDA, ASAN and CONGAD
Coastal Zone
Water
Resources
Tourism
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Objectives, and linkages to ongoing activities
33. The objectives of NAPAs are:
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To serve as simplified and direct channels of communication for information relating to the urgent
and immediate needs for adaptation in Senegal
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To facilitate capacity building for the preparation of national communications, and addressing urgent
and immediate adaptation needs.
Status of past and ongoing climate change activities
34. Senegal has signed and ratified the following international conventions:
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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
The Montreal Protocol for CFC Control
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
35. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Senegal
completed its first national communication. The project achieved the following:
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Preparation of a Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Senegal
Assessment of mitigation options
Assessment of Vulnerability and Adaptation to climate change
36. Concerning the Phase II enabling activities, Senegal received funding from UNDP/GEF for
identification of technologies and finalized its report. The report is likely to be approved by the
Government in July 2003 leading to the closure of this project.
Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation
37. The vulnerability assessments undertaken in Senegal within the Phase I enabling activity was
undertaken only for 2 sectors namely: agricultural sector and coastal areas. The study also proposed
some adaptation measures for the agricultural sector. A summary of the V&A assessment is provided
in Annex 1. Although the study managed to identify key vulnerabilities in the aforementioned 2 major
sectors, it is weak on identifying adaptation measures, and criteria for selecting priority measures.
38. The vulnerability studies have shown that the southern coast of Cap –Verde peninsula, densely
populated is highly vulnerable, with 50% risks of loss of its beaches. The same applies to the Saloum
estuary, which is very vulnerable to floods, especially in deltaic section. There has also been a
decrease in pelagic resources, which are very dependent on upwelling and account for about 75% of
landings within Cap-Verde peninsula.
39. The economic cost linked to the biophysical effects of the sea level rise is steep for Senegal. For the
years 2050 and 2100 amount, economic costs are about 182 and 292 billion FCFA, respectively in
relation to the Cap – Verde peninsula and with a 7cm high level of flooding. The estuary resources, as
the mangroves systems will be threatened by climate changes.
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40. As far as water resources are concerned, patterns of climate changes, based on global circulation
models (GCM) have revealed a decrease of rainfall towards the year 2100. As a result, there will be
an absolute depletion of ground waters and a let-up in surface outflows. The strategies for adaptation
to climate change will be based on two processes, rainwater retention and resources protection.
41. For agriculture, the focus is on the major crops: ground nuts, maize, millet sorghum and rice.
Actually, climate change has a tremendous impact on the agriculture production, due to the decrease
of rainfall and the important rate of degraded land. The strategies for adaptation relate not only to
land planning patterns, but also to farm-based agricultural procedures (irrigation, using fertilizers,
seed improvement and optimizing sowing periods).
42. Based on the vulnerability and adaptation assessments already undertaken in Senegal, the following
table presents a summary while Annex I identifies the initial set of gaps that still remain to be
addressed. These will be tackled in the NAPA preparation. The NAPA network will also propose
additional gaps that need to be addressed.
Table 2: Summary of Vulnerability and Adaptation assessment in Senegal
Sector
Vulnerabilities
Adaptation
- Adaptation measures not proposed
Coastal Areas
Agriculture
Rise in sea level resulting in:
Flooding of flat zones
Increased erosion of coastal plains
Penetration of sea water in coastal rivers and aquifers
Change in sedimentary deposits
Changes in “upwelling” and water productivity
Changes in human activities
Displacement of population
Change of agricultural activities, e.g. crops grown, and where
they are grown
Change in fishing patterns and activities, especially those that
depend on upwelling
Destruction of towns, industries and infrastructure located in
coastal zones
- Water supply shortages
A 20% reduction in rainfall and 4o C increase in potential
evapotranspiration leads to 25% to 33% reduction in potential
yield relative to the 1961 to 1990 average
Increased temperatures and reduced rains reduces the rate of
meeting food needs by 11% to 38% relative to current
situation exposing 1 to 4 million people to shortage
Water availability in the principal zone
of millet crop allows for the hydraulic
correction
Moderate intensification, small
expansion of surface area with a small
climate modification transforms the
shortage to a surplus
Desertification Control
43. Senegal was one of the first countries to ratify the International Convention on the fight against
desertification. It adapted its National Action Plan (NAP), the principal tool in turning the conventions
plan into actions into the overall National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP). Some of the key
activities undertaken under desertification projects in Senegal are:
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Informing and raising awareness of actors
Consultation according to actor category,
Studies of Senegal’s experience of fighting desertification
Holding the first National Forum Meeting
44. Raising awareness among actors was achieved through national awareness-raising days, national
information for a wide distribution of copies of the convention, public debates on electronic media
and various aids to awareness raising for example T-shirts. A methodological workshop at national
level facilitated consultation with a wide range of stakeholders. CONSERE came up with a prototype
Desertification Information System. The First National Forum meeting was held from 27 th to 28th
May 1997 as a consultation framework for the different categories of actors with a view to creating
genuine and dynamic partnership. Some of the tools used for desertification programmes will be
useful in the preparation of the proposed NAPA.
Biodiversity Action Plan
45. The biodiversity Convention in Senegal created a formal framework, which allowed the government
to be more active on conservation and management of natural resources. Such policies permitted to
preserve a major part of biodiversity resources until the last three decade. During those decades, two
factors influenced the Senegalese natural resources and its biodiversity, the high increase of
population and the long drought season.
46. This situation led the government to set up a planning system to reinforce the regulation on
biodiversity and natural resources management. So, the National Environment Action Plan was
elaborated and adopted to correct the negative tendency and distortions in place concerning
biodiversity management. In the same line, the CBD plan will be implemented.
47. The National strategy and plan of action for biodiversity conservation is one of the measures also
taken by the government to re-establish the balance and ensure a sustainable development in the
country.
48. An interesting biodiversity initiative that the proposed NAPA may study in depth is the Popenguine
Nature Reserve project. The Popenguine Nature Reserve is a continental and marine reserve whose
history dates back to 1986. A women’s organization was set up in 1988 to contribute on a voluntary
basis in the restoration of biodiversity in a degraded area. This has evolved into a sustainable
development programme, without external input. The protection activities are no longer restricted to
the reserve itself but also involve the territory bordering the reserve.
49. This project demonstrates innovative approaches for sustainable biodiversity protection and could
provide important lessons for developing criteria for prioritisation of adaptation measures in the
proposed NAPA process.
50. The National strategy and plan of action for biodiversity conservation is one of the measures also
took by the government to re-establish the balance and ensure a sustainable development in the
country.
Poverty Reduction
51. The study on Senegal strategy of poverty reduction is a reference framework set by the government in
order to formulate economic policies to increase the national effort initiated against poverty. Through
this framework, sectoral plans and programs of investments and a better coordination.
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52. The priority objectives of poverty reduction are:
- to double the per capita income until 2015 by creation of wealth,
- to generalize access to social services by setting up basic infrastructure and reinforcing human
capital until 2010;
- to eradicate any form of discrimination in education by supporting the vulnerable groups and
establishing gender equality at the primary and secondary level of school until 2015.
53. Environmental degradation is a consequence as well as a cause of poverty. For the population, the
process of natural degradation leads to poverty, such as soil erosion, drought, savanna fire, coastal
zone erosion, saline seawater intrusion, etc. Therefore, one of the major goals of the poverty reduction
strategy is to preserve and protect natural resources, fight against desertification, adapt to climate
change and climate variability and increase in forest resources.
54. Senegal has also completed their Phase II of the climate change enabling activities (Top-up) through
UNDP-GEF. The project was able to identify technologies for mitigation as well as one for
vulnerability and adaptation assessment. Technologies in new and renewable energy sector, in
forestry and agroforestry sector, in energy efficiency in building sector, in main industry sector have
been considered, including the barriers to technology. Only adaptation technology related to coastal
erosion was considered. This information will be useful when prioritising adaptation options on
coastal zones within NAPA.
The Regional project on Biological Diversity Conservation through Participatory Rehabilitation of
Degraded Land of the Arid and Semi arid Transboundary Areas of Mauritania and Senegal
55. The focal area of this project is biodiversity, the approval date is March 1998, but its implementation
started in November 2000. The duration is 5 years and the project cost is US$ 12.366 million. The
project addresses the root causes of biodiversity loss from land degradation in the five critical
ecosystems of a 60,000 km2 portion of the trans-border Senegal River Valley in Senegal and
Mauritania.
56. The project is expected to improve techniques used to rehabilitate natural ecosystems of these
degraded lands and apply participatory resource management systems. It also develops activities
which generated resource based incomes . Measures to decrease pressures on forest resource are
undertaken and restoration and improvement of fire control is to be applied. This project aims to
strengthen institutional capacity at all levels from the village to the national level.
57. During the preparation of NAPA, outcomes resulting from the implementation of this project will be
considered and evaluated to determine the level of acceptation of such approach by local
communities, in particularly in the North of Senegal. The different technology used to restore
degraded lands will be promoted if they are successful through the NAPA to others regions within
Senegal. Barriers identified in the implementation of this regional project will serve as experience for
avoidance in implementing the NAPA projects.
Senegal River Basin: Water and Environmental Management Project
58. This regional project covers Guinea, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal. The Executing Agency is OMVS
(Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal) and the duration is 4 years and the project
started in 2002. The focal area is International Waters. World Bank and UNDP are the Implementing
Agencies. The GEF contribution to the project is US$ 7.25 million.
59. The objective of this project is to provide a participatory strategic environmental framework for
environmentally sustainable development of Senegal River Basin and to launch a basin-wide
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cooperative program for transboundary land water management. This objective will be accomplished
by capacity building activities, data and knowledge management, transboundary diagnostic and action
program and public participation and awareness
60. Outcome of this project is relevant for Senegalese NAPA preparation concerning the water and
fishing sector. Outcomes and data coming from the implementation of this project will be fully
considered by the NAPA team and collaboration with OMVS will be encouraged during NAPA
preparation. Adaptation measures in water sector will be guided by information coming from this
project. The approach used to involve and trained stakeholders in local transboundary water resource
management issues and in decision-making will serve as a base to develop NAPA specifically in
water and fishing sectors.
Project Activities and Outputs
61. The project will involve the following key activities outlined below, and which are based on the
“GEF operational guidelines for expedited funding for the preparation of national adaptation
programmes of action by LDCs”.
Activity 1: Establishment, composition and mandate of the NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated
Assessment Network and identification of a lead agency
62. The main objective of this activity is to establish a multi-disciplinary network and institutional
structure charged with preparing the NAPA. A NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment
Network will be established by the executing agency, in consultation with other relevant ministries
and governmental departments, as well as the private sector, including NGOs. A Project Co-ordinator
will be appointed to co-ordinate the NAPA preparation process.
63. The NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network (Réseau Intégré Multidisciplinaire
d'Évaluation -RIME) will be set-up based on the National Climate Committee that prepared the
National Communication. The National Climate Committee has about 40 members representing all
key stakeholders and the committee will be further strengthened to deal with the specific needs of
NAPA. The RIME will have representatives from key sectors as well as from Senegal’s major ecosystems. Key sectors that will be represented in the country network include agriculture, health,
water, tourism, transport, environment and energy. In addition, an expert representative from each of
the major eco-systems of Senegal will be included in the national network. Gender equality will also
be considered in forming the NAPA country network. The participation of women is essential for
several reasons. Adverse effects of climate change disproportionately affect women, who are often
marginalized in national projects. In addition, women are often knowledgeable in vital local and
traditional issues that could be vital in identification of appropriate coping measures. Some of the key
organisations that will be represented on the NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network
include:
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Ministry of Agriculture and Stockbreeding
Ministry of Mines, Energy and Hydrology
Ministry of Fisheries
Ministry of Tourism
Ministry of Environment and Natural Protection
Ministry of Industry and Artisans
Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs
Ministry of Public Health
Ministry of Urbanism
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Ministry of Infrastructure, Equipment and Transport
Minister for the Economy and Finance, responsible for budget and planning
Dakar’s Cheikh Anta Diop University – Department of Hydrology and Geology, and Institute of
Environment
Environnement et Développement du Tiers-Monde (ENDA)
St. Louis’s Gaston Berger University
Senegalese Association of the Friends of Nature (ASAN)
Council of Non-Governmental Organisations in Support of Development (CONGAD)
64. The Directorate of Environment will be the selected lead agency appointing the project co-ordinator and
sectoral and eco-system experts. The Directorate of Environment was earlier hosting the Phase I of the
climate change enabling activity and Phase II technology needs assessment. The RIME will hold
monthly meetings to monitor the progress of the project, while the project co-ordinator and an assistant
will be responsible for the day-to-day running of the project.
65. It is estimated that a total of 8 to 10 sectoral and eco-system experts will be required, including
economists. These experts will be individuals with extensive experience in the sectors/eco-systems, and
a good understanding of trends in the sector/eco-system. In addition, the experts should have some
understanding of climate change issues in the country. The experts will undertake assessments of
vulnerabilities to climate change in their respective sectors/eco-systems, and propose possible adaptation
measures, priorities and associated criteria. They will prepare expert papers based on their assessments,
which will be presented at the sectoral and eco-system workshops.
66. In addition to the sectoral and eco-system experts, economists will be recruited as part of both expert
teams. The economists will take a lead role in the cost-benefit analysis of adaptation measures. The
sectoral and eco-system expert teams will be designated as shown in the following table. By drawing on
the wide range of disciplines, the resulting NAPA will be more integrated and crosscutting.
67. The project co-ordinator will be responsible for compiling the various reports into a single
comprehensive NAPA report.
68. A NAPA Team (PANA Equipe - Programmes Nationaux d’action pour l’Adaptation aux changements
climatiques) composed of representatives of the following institutions will provide advice and oversight
to RIME and approve the NAPA sectoral reports:
-
Office of the President
Ministry of Environment and Natural Protection
Ministry of the Economy and Finance
Members of the Parliamentary sub-committee on environment and natural resources as well as the
budgetary process
A representative of the civil society
A representative of the academic community
69. To ensure that the NAPA Team maintains an independent oversight function no members of the NAPA
Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network will be part of the NAPA Team, with the exception
of the Project Co-ordinator. The NAPA Team will meet at least 3 times within the duration of the
project.
70. Based on the skills and capacity available in the country (as demonstrated by the progress of the
preparation of the initial country communication), it is recommended that the duration of the project be
15 months. This will provide sufficient time for building the requisite skills and capacity needed for the
preparation of the NAPA.
13
Outputs for Activity 1
71. The key output of this activity will be the establishment of the NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated
Assessment Network and a NAPA Team. This activity will be undertaken over a period of three months.
Activity 2: Literature Review of previous or ongoing studies on vulnerability and adaptation to climate
change
72. The aim of this activity will be to review all previous and on-going studies on climate change undertaken
to ensure that there is no duplication, and that the NAPA preparation builds on existing data and
information. Special emphasis will be placed on filling the gaps identified from the previous V&A
assessment in the UNFCCC National Communication. The NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated
Assessment Network will identify additional gaps and areas that could be studied.
73. The sectoral experts will gather existing international, regional and country-specific information on
vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in their respective sectors. The eco-system experts will
also gather relevant national, regional and international reports providing useful background information,
data and case studies on Senegal’s major eco-systems. The information will be in the form of published
and un-published reports, articles, electronic media (CD-ROMs), conference papers, and draft reports.
The material will be grouped under each of the sectors, and both the eco-system and sectoral experts will
synthesise the material gathered for their respective sectors and eco-systems. Each expert will prepare a
report on vulnerability and adaptation, which will include an annotated bibliography on all the materials
and publications reviewed. Some of the adaptation measures which could be considered, for example,
under the agriculture and water sectors are listed in the following paragraphs:
74. Recognising the limited work done under the Phase I climate change enabling activity and the
regional projects on biodiversity conservation through rehabilitation of degraded land and Senegal
River Basin Water management projects selected priority areas will require participatory rapid
appraisals (PRAs) with the aim of collecting additional information on vulnerabilities to climate
change, coping measures currently in place and possible adaptation measures. The PRA will be
modelled on consultation workshops held during the national communication preparations. The
objective of the PRA will be to identify vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, coping
measures and adaptation to climate change and criteria for selecting priority coping and adaptation
activities, specifically on the following sectors:
-
Coastal zones
Water resources (fresh water other than Senegal Water Basin)
Agriculture
Tourism
Coastal zones
75. The relationship between climatic factors and the fish-carrying capacity of the marine environment is
complex, although water temperature can be used as a basis for forecasting the abundance and
distribution of many species. IPCC points out that the success of future fish stock assessments would
depend, to a large extent, on the ability to predict the impacts of climate change on the dynamics of
marine ecosystems. Most studies on the potential impacts of climate change on fisheries has been
done for temperate-zone fisheries. GCMs do not provide direct regional information to make proper
assessments. However, CLISS is initiating a regional climate scenario for the region and the NAPA
project will, in collaboration with CLISS consider a preliminary assessment and identify further
14
action and the broad range of adaptation activities possible. The Institut National de Recherche
Haleutique du Maroc may also be consulted for some of its work in this area.
76. Concerning the coastal zones, the focus will not be only on marine fisheries aspects but also on
floods, effects on vegetal resources like the mangrove ecosystems and different activities link to this
mangrove area. The saline intrusion is also an important impact of sea elevation. The aim will be to
propose some solutions as how to limit the process of saline intrusion, to develop others technical
fishing forms (like aquaculture) , to brake coastal erosion;
77. Tourism sector is also linked to coastal erosion, as most our tourism infrastructure are closed to the
sea. Rise in sea level will affect that infrastructure and will create socioeconomic impacts, because the
tourism sector is the second main source of revenue for the national budget.
Agriculture
78. The nature and processes of human adaptation to long-range climate change are poorly understood.
The NAPA project will especially explore how Senegal can cope with current climate variability
through the use of seasonal climate forecasting. If farmers can adapt to current year-to-year variability
through the use of advance information on the future season’s climate and institutional systems are in
place to respond to short-term changes (such as early warning systems), communities will be in a
position to adapt to longer-term climate changes. This then has to be related to better soil and water
conservation practices, more tolerant crop varieties, improved pest and weed control, and more use of
irrigation to adapt to changes in the weather.
79. Adaptation measures that can be considered include installation of better storage facilities, drought
resistant crops, effective pest and disease control programmes, and generally improved agronomic
practices. Other coping options that may be appropriate for Senegal are improved irrigation efficiency;
crop diversification, improvement in agricultural extension services; and, research and development on
new drought-resistant crops.
Water
80. In the water sector, impacts of climate change are likely to be water scarcity and flooding also resulting
in drainage congestion. Adaptation measures include water supply and demand management; improved
watershed management, water conservation and increased storage of water. The proposed NAPA will
review recommended adaptation measures and suggest priority options for near-term implementation.
This project will explore the possibility of an alternative to the Senegal River Basin SRB’s scarce water
resources for agricultural development that is based on village-scale irrigation projects and intensive,
irrigated agroforestry projects. Village-scale irrigation is dedicated to low-water-consumption cereal grain
crops and is managed by traditional sociopolitical structures. The proposed agroforestry production
system can have the dual objectives of using irrigation to reestablish a protective biomass cover in the
desertifying river valley and reversing drought-induced migration from rural to urban areas.
81. Regarding water resources, the river valley basin is important, but also for specific ecosystems or
regions such as Fatick region where drinking water have an important rate of salt due to the saline
intrusion and the drying of watersheds due to scarcity of rainfall. In the Niayes zone, saline intrusion
and the agriculture pollution are also threatening the fresh water resources. So for each ecosystems
and region, adaptation to climate variability and change have to be considered.
82. Recognising scarcity of data and information on vulnerability and adaptation for each ecosystem and
region, the RIME will utilise more general reports on each of the country’s major eco-systems that
15
provide information and data that is relevant to vulnerability and adaptation issues. The key documents to
be reviewed will include:
-
National Communication – The initial national communication under the UNFCCC Report
Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment, included in the initial national communication under the
UNFCCC Report
Senegal River Basin project
Biodiversity Studies
Reports from organisations that distribute food and medical aid to communities (e.g. CARE
International) during emergencies
Relevant national, eco-system and sectoral environmental reports.
83. The Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network (RIME) will engage the services of a
documentation expert, to compile the various documents into an accessible, easy to use documentation
resource pack, which will be available in the public domain. The documentation resource pack will be
housed in the Ministry of Environment and Natural Protection and national library. An initial set of
relevant publications and reports that could be included in the document pack are listed in Annex 2. The
listed documents were used in the compilation of this proposal.
Outputs for Activity 2
84. The main output for this activity will be a Draft Vulnerability and Adaptation (V&A) Review Report, to
be compiled by the RIME based on reports prepared by each sectoral team; and, a public domain
documentation resource pack on climate change, vulnerability and adaptation. The documentation
resource pack will comprise of:
-
Key reports on vulnerability and adaptation to climate change
Relevant Eco-system and Sectoral Meeting Reports
Contact list for vulnerability and adaptation in Senegal, including detailed names and contact addresses
of all agencies represented in the NAPA network.
Activity 3: Participatory assessment of vulnerability to climate change, adaptation measures
85. The project co-ordinator in consultation with the NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment
Network (RIME) will organise an initial national level workshop, where a wide range of stakeholders
will discuss the draft Vulnerability and Adaptation (V&A) review report. The aim of the workshop
will be to solicit the views of stakeholders within and outside the RIME on the vulnerability of
Senegal to current climate variability and extreme weather events and on the initial set of key
adaptation measures that have already taken place or been identified or considered. The workshop
will also assess the adaptive capacity of Senegal to various climate change vulnerabilities. Similar
elements will be investigated for all sectors.
86. The national consultation workshop will solicit the views of stakeholders nationally and will be an
avenue for finding out the following:
- Major areas of vulnerability to climate change,
- Adaptation measures both past and current practices, and
- A criteria for prioritising the identified adaptation measures.
87. The following organizations will be involved in this participatory assessment:
- Ministry of Environment and Natural Protection
- Ministry of Energy, Mines and Hydraulic
16
-
Ministry of Public health
Ministry of Economy and finance
Ministry of Fisheries
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Tourism
Ministry of Urbanism
Ministry of Economy and Finance, responsible of Budget and Planning
University Department of Geology
University and others research institutions
CONGAD
ENDA
Regional council (from each region, we have 11 region in Senegal)
Association of fishermen
Livestock breeders association
Hotel and Tourism industry associations
Industry association
National committee for rural dialogue
Youth Association
Female Association
Environmental journalist Association
Outputs for Activity 3
88. The national consultation workshop will result in a more detailed inventory of areas of vulnerability
to climate change in Senegal; key adaptation and coping measures (categorised by sector and ecosystem).
Activity 4: Formulation of country driven criteria for selecting priority activities to address adverse
effect of climate change
89. The project team will draft criteria for prioritization based on draft V&A assessment, national
development plan and other relevant documents.
90.
-
The criteria of prioritizing the proposed adaptation measures could include:
Level or degree of adverse effects of climate change
Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity
Synergy with other multi-lateral environmental agreements
Cost-effectiveness
91. The draft will then be discussed by sectoral and ecosystem experts as well as policy makers and
NGOs through a workshop and advance distribution of the document to all concerned stakeholders.
The workshop and review will on the proposed criteria for prioritisation of adaptation measures will
invite suggestions for all criteria, whether included in the initial draft or not, that might be considered
appropriate by various stakeholders.
Outputs for Activity 4:
92. An initial set of criteria for prioritization of adaptation measures for Senegal.
Activity 5: Prioritisation of adaptation measures
17
93. Based on the prioritisation criteria developed at the national consultation workshop, the various
adaptation measures will be prioritised. The Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network
(RIME) will organise seminars involving experts, policy makers, NGOs, private sector and field
specialists various regions.
94. The Project co-ordinator and assistant will compile the priority listings from the sectoral and eco-system
seminars and develop a national level priority listing.
Outputs for Activity 5
95. The key outputs for activity 4 will be an updated priority list of adaptation measures for each sector
and ecosystem.
Activity 6: Validation forums
96. These validation forums organised at sectoral and ecosystem levels will assess the validity of
proposed priority adaptation measures. Each of these seminars will consult the stakeholders at district
level to assess whether the identified priority adaptation measures are indeed appropriate from their
perspective.
97. The Project co-ordinator will compile the updated priority list of adaptation measures from these
validation forums and update the national level priority list.
Outputs for Activity 6
98. The key outputs for activity 5 will be a national level priority listing of urgently needed adaptation
measures with the requisite criteria.
Activity 7: Drafting proposals for implementation of priority adaptation activities
99. This objective of this activity will be to prepare programmes of action for priority adaptation
activities. The RIME in conjunction with the NAPA project coordinator will develop proposals based
on the priority activities identified following Activity 6. The proposals will describe how the
adaptation measures will be implemented and highlight the requirements for implementing the
measures. The proposals will also include a cost-benefit analysis for each of the adaptation measures,
to be prepared by economists attached to the RIME. Guidelines for the preparation of proposals are
provided in Annex 3 prepared by the LDC expert group (LEG).
100.
The NAPA project co-ordinator will co-ordinate the drafting and compilation of the proposals
with the day-to-day coordination responsibilities delegated to the various sectoral teams within
RIME.
Outputs for Activity 7
101.
Once all the sections of the proposals have been drafted and compiled, they will constitute the first
Draft National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) report.
Activity 8: Public and Government Review of the draft NAPA and Dissemination
102.
A public review will be undertaken to ensure that the opinions and views of the wider public are
incorporated in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) report.
18
103.
First, to ensure effectiveness in the public-review two non-governmental organisations,
CONGAD and ENDA, that have extensive experience in dealing with the grass-roots will be utilised
to spearhead this exercise. Secondly, a media consultant will be contracted to take lead in the
publicizing of the NAPA. Thirdly, the draft NAPA will be summarized into brief 5-page summaries,
and translated into Wolof and French, which are widely used in Senegal, before being distributed to
the public for review. Fourth, the draft NAPA will be distributed to various interest groups (e.g.
NGOs, environmental organisations, universities, etc.) in both urban and rural areas. In addition, the
draft NAPA will be provided to Wolof and French newspapers to ensure wider public readership.
Press conferences involving representatives of the main TV station and national radio station will be
organised. Finally, a public hearing will be organised to solicit the views of the general public.
Comments from the public review of the draft NAPA will be compiled, and incorporated into the
NAPA.
Outputs for Activity 8
104.
The output for this activity will be an updated NAPA (in both summarized and extended formats),
which will have incorporated the comments received during the public review by the project team and
the RIMEs.
Activity 9: Review of NAPA by Government ministries, Inter-ministerial Committee, endorsement
by the GEF focal point and dissemination
105.
The updated NAPA will be distributed to key Government ministries, inter-ministerial committee
for final review. Comments received from the review by the Government will be used to finalise the
NAPA.
106.
The final NAPA will then be forwarded to the GEF focal point for endorsement.
107.
The final NAPA report (in both summarized and extended formats) will be published and printed,
and also translated to Wolof and French. The published versions will be disseminated to a wide range
of stakeholders and the public. Brief summaries of the reports will be reproduced in the major Wolof,
and French newspapers and discussed in the mass media (TV station and radio station).
Outputs for Activity 9
108.
The two key outputs from this activity will be (i) the final NAPA (in both summarized and
extended formats), (ii) the endorsement letter from the GEF focal point in Senegal and (iii) publishing
the key outputs of NAPA reports in Wolof and French for widespread national dissemination.
Table 3: Diagrammatic Representation of the Processes/Tasks and Reports
Reports
Literature review
Literature review
Process/Tasks
Background
Documentation Resource Pack
4.0
Literature review
Draft V&A report
19
Institutional Arrangements for oversight and coordination
109.
The Lead Agency will be the UNFCCC Focal Point, which is the Ministry of Environment. The
Lead Agency will have overall responsibility for the project. They will oversee the constitution of the
NAPA Multidisciplinary Integrated Assessment Network (RIME). The RIME will have representatives
at both the sectoral and eco-system levels. This will allow for participation of all stakeholders.
110.
The NAPA Team will act as an independent oversight body, and will approve the major decisions
of the project. The Committee will periodically review the outputs of the RIME as well as
proceedings of the national workshop and the sectoral and eco-system workshops. It is expected to
meet at least three times in a year.
111.
UNEP as the implementing agency will provide technical backup and advisory support to both
the executing agency and the RIME. In addition, the project coordinator could also request for
technical assistance from the LDC expert group (LEG).
112.
The institutional structure envisaged for the project is provided in Table 1.
20
Table 4: Timetable
Activity/Month
1. Establishing, composition & mandate of
the NAPA Team and RIME
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2. Literature review of past and ongoing
studies on vulnerability to climate change and
adaptation measures
- Sectoral and Eco-system Studies
- PRA
3. National consultation workshop on major
areas of vulnerability, adaptation measures
and criteria for prioritizing adaptation
measures
4. Prioritization of proposed adaptation
measures
5. Validation forums
6. Drafting of proposals for implementation of
priority adaptation activities
7. Public review of the draft NAPA
8. Review of updated NAPA by stakeholders
9. Finalizing and dissemination of the NAPA
21
Table 5: Budget (US$)
Activity
Stocktaking
Process:
(Assessments,
consultations,
workshops, etc.)
Product:
Assessment
reports/strategy
and action plan
Total
Assessment and prioritisation
1. Synthesis of available information on adverse effects
of climate change and coping strategies
2.
12,225
Participatory assessment of vulnerability to
current climate variability and extreme weather
events, and associated risks
 Identification of past and current practices for
adaptation to climate change and variability
 Identification of key climate change
adaptation measures
 Identification of criteria for selecting priority
activities
17,000
15,870
28,095
1,000
18,000
Total
(Assessment and prioritisation)
46,095
Development of proposals for priority activities
1) Prioritisation of adaptation measures
23,800
8,100
31,900
2) Validation forums
21,700
8,100
29,800
7,000
7,000
3) Prepare profiles of priority activities in the
prescribed format
Total
68,700
Preparation, review and finalization of the NAPA
1) Public review
8,200
9,450
17,650
2) Final review by government and civil society
representatives
3) Printing, publishing and translation of the final
NAPA document
-
-
-
1,500
19,320
20,820
4) Dissemination
1,500
Total
1,500
11,200
28,770
39,970
4,350
-
4,350
4,200
30,550
150
4,350
30,550
5,000
5,000
5,000
35,550
Technical Assistance
Assistance requested from LDC expert group or others
Total
Project Coordination and Management
Monitoring and Evaluation
Total
TOTAL
30,550
195,000
22
Annex 1: Initial set of gaps from vulnerability and adaptation assessments
Adaptation/Coping Options
Sector
Coverage/Initial set of gaps identified
Institutional Capacity
to implement
- Not undertaken
Technical capacity
to implement
- Not undertaken
Financial capacity to
implement
Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Water Resources
Vulnerability assessment undertaken for millet and
food availability in general
Adaptation measures proposed
Vulnerability assessment undertaken
Adaptation measures not proposed
- Vulnerability assessment not undertaken
Health
- Vulnerability assessment not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Grassland/Livestock
- Vulnerability assessment not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Wildlife and Biodiversity
- Vulnerability assessment not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Forestry
- Vulnerability assessment not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Tourism
- Impact of tourism sector not covered
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Building Stock
- Impact on buildings, housing not covered
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Transport
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Eco-systems
- Impact on roads (major highways and feeder roads) not
covered
- Impact on bridges and railways not covered
- Impact on communication infrastructure not covered, e.g.
telephone lines
- Impact on electricity generation not covered
- Impact of floods and rain on electricity transmission lines not
covered
- Impact of higher day temperatures and lower night
temperatures on energy requirements not covered
- Impact on the key eco-systems in the country not covered
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Cultural Heritage
-Impact on high-value cultural heritage not covered
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Gender
- Differential impact of climate change on men and women
not covered
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
- Not undertaken
Agriculture
Coastal Areas
Communication
Energy
-
Criteria for
prioritisation
- Not undertaken
23
Annex 2: Selected Background Documents on Climate Change and Adaptation in Senegal
Robert T.Watson, Marufu C.Zinyowera, Richard H. Moss, 1995
Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change - ScientificTechnical Analyses, Contribution of Working Group II to the Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Abstract: This chapter summarizes the scientific-technical analyses of impacts, adaptations, and
mitigation of climate change in particular, mitigation options in the Transportation Sector. The transport
sector is one of the most rapidly growing sectors. In 1990 was responsible for about 25% of 1990 world
primary energy use and 22% of CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel use. The transport sector though linked to
economic development imposes burdens on society, including air pollution. The publication looks into
climate change and abatement of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. It also includes a
section on management of forests for mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
KEYWORDS: climate change, international, Asia, capacity building, energy, Bangladesh, China, India,
Indonesia, Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Pages 33
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 2000
Vulnerability Indices: Climate Change impacts and Adaptation
Abstract: Climate Change is the most challenging environmental problem facing the international
community today. The purpose of this briefing paper is to review emerging and existing concepts of
vulnerability and adaptability, and to refine them into a dependable tool for prioritizing preventive actions
by policy makers. This would ensure cost-effective policy decisions in a variety of countries and regions
likely to experience adverse effects of climate change. The paper systematically differentiates between
three domains of vulnerability considering present criticality in the absence of climate change, adaptive
capacity and climate change hazards.
KEYWORDS: climate change, vulnerability, adaptability, international Pages 84
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) 2002
STAP Expert Group Workshop on Adaptation and Vulnerability, 18-20 February 2002 and STAP
Consultations, 21 February 2001
Abstract: This is a background document on the STAP expert group workshop on Adaptation and
Vulnerability convened from 18-20 February 2002, Nairobi, Kenya. The expert group workshop
examined the following specific aims and objectives with the view of providing the GEF with strategic
advice on how to maximize its interventions and investments in the area of adaptation. (i) How to
operationalise the guidance provided by the conference of the parties; (ii) Identify the gaps in current
scientific knowledge in terms of integration adaptation concerns into mainstream development in specific
sectors; (iii) How to integrate adaptation concerns into mainstream development projects in specific
sectors in a scientifically sound manner; (iv) Develop guidelines for the formulation of a framework
and/or approach for the GEF to fund adaptation interventions; (v) Outline the main elements of a targeted
research agenda for adaptation, based on the gaps identified in (ii).
24
KEYWORDS: UNEP, STAP, energy, GEF, international, workshop, climate change, adaptation Pages 32
The US Country Studies Management Team Washington, DC, USA, 1997
Country Study Notes, Issue 10
Abstract: Final country study reports for countries with economies in transition, an announcement of an
inter-agency climate change program, reports on workshops, interim report on climate change action plan
activities and advances in the Bolivia country study are contained in this issue.
KEYWORDS: climate change, international, Nepal, USA, Egypt, Mexico, Fiji, Bolivia, newsletter Pages
7
US Country Studies Program (USCSP) (1999)
Climate Change Mitigation Vulnerability and Adaptation in Developing and Transition Countries:
US Country Studies Program Support for Climate Change, Studies, Plans and Technology
Assessments.
Abstract: This report provides an overview of the work conducted by developing countries participating
in the U. S Country Studies Program (USCSP). Under this program, participating countries evaluated
climate change mitigation options assessed their vulnerability to climate change, identified methods for
adapting to climate change, and developed plans for responding to climate change.
KEYWORDS: climate change, mitigation, vulnerability, adaptation, developing countries. Pages 96
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 1993
The Impact of Climate Change: UNEP/GEMS Environment Library No.10
Abstract: This booklet deals with the impacts of climate change the possibility of accelerated warming
resulting from the enhanced greenhouse effect and with climate vulnerability. The effects of global
warming on climate cannot yet be predicted at a local level, but those countries currently at the margin of
their ability to support their populations’ will almost certainly find it difficult to adapt to new
environmental conditions.
KEYWORDS: climate change, environment, international, energy Pages 40
United Nations (UN), 1997
Communication from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the, United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1997)
Abstract: This is a brief report from the UNFCCC Secretariat on the status of preparation of national
communications from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the convention. A status table is prepared using
information obtained from: (i) national responses received from parties to a questionnaire on the status of
25
preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the convention during the
period of Feb-September 2001; and (ii) the Global Environment Facility, its implementing agencies and
bilateral programs.
KEYWORDS: UN, Climate Change, national communications, Pages 12
United Nations (UN), 2001
National Communication from Parties not included in Annex 1 to the, United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1997)
Abstract: This document summarizes and updates in synoptical form information concerning the state of
advancement of activities in the areas of technical cooperation, including those known as CC; TRAIN,
CC: FORUM, CC: INFO AND CC: SUPPORT, for consideration by the sixth session of the Subsidiary
Body for Implementation (SBI) on which the secretariat had reported to the SBI since the second session
of the Conference of the Parties (COP). The synopsis contains the following tables: Table I: “Status of
preparation of national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the convention”’; Table
2: “Secretariat Participation in regional workshops; Table 3 “ CC: TRAIN national workshops”; Table 4:
“CC: TRAIN training material”; Table 5: “ CC: FORUM”; and Table 6: “ CC: INFO national website
initiative”.
KEYWORDS: Climate change; International, Pages 14
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (NAP): The Government of Senegal
Abstract: The National Action Programme is structured with a brief introduction and presentation of
background information on Senegal in Sections 1 and 2. These sections set the stage for the discussion of
the impact of desertification in Senegal in Section 3. Section 4 covers the NAP preparation process and
provides a synopsis of analysis provided by the five sectoral studies commissioned during the NAP
preparation. Finally, the National Action Programme is detailed in Section 5, including guiding
principles, priority measures, institutional and financial arrangements, and monitoring and evaluation of
the NAP.
KEYWORDS: United Nations, Senegal, combating desertification
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), 1990
Scientific Assessment of Climate Change: The Policymaker's Summary of the Report of Working
Group 1 to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Abstract: Human activities may be inadvertently changing the climate of the globe through the enhanced
greenhouse effect, by past and continuing emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases which will cause
the temperature of the Earth's surface to increase - popularly termed the "global warming". If this occurs,
consequent changes may have a significant impact on society. The purpose of the Working Group 1
report, as determined by the first meeting of IPCC, is to provide a scientific assessment of: 1) the factors
which may affect climate change during the next century especially those which are due to human
activity. 2) the responses of the atmosphere-ocean-land-ice system. 3) Current capabilities of modeling
26
global and regional climate changes and their predictability. 4) The past climate record and presently
observed climate anomalies.
KEYWORDS: environment, international, report, policy, climate Pages 26
27
Annex 3: Guidelines on the Structure of NAPA Documents
Information already included in the proposal for funding the NAPA preparation process need not be
repeated in the NAPA document itself. The GEF proposal-preparation process requires specific
information and linkages to other enabling activities. Only essential points should be repeated here.
A. Introduction and setting
1. This introductory section will include background information about the country that is relevant to the
NAPA process. It will cover current characteristics, key environmental stresses, and how climate change
and climate variability adversely affect biophysical processes and key sectors.
Given the need for conciseness in the NAPA document, only information that is directly relevant to the
content of the NAPA document should be included in this section.
B. Framework for adaptation program
2. This section will also provide an overview of climate variability and observed and projected climate
change and associated actual and potential adverse effects of climate change. This overview will be
based on existing and ongoing studies and research, and/or empirical and historical information as well as
traditional knowledge.
This section should clearly summarise hazards posed by climate and climate change, and some summary
of vulnerability, based on past studies and/or from stakeholder knowledge of their situation. This section
will set the context for the whole NAPA by clearly demonstrating what aspects of climate change are
important for the country, based on the experience of its stakeholders. Such an approach cannot rely
exclusively on academic literature, or Vulnerability and Adaptation reports, but mainly on the knowledge
of practitioners at the community level who have developed coping strategies over generations.
The reference above to “projected climate change” implies drawing on existing national projections, if
available.
3. This section will describe the NAPA framework and its relationship to the country’s development
goals, as described in subparagraph 8(b)(i) above, to make the framework consistent with socio-economic
and development needs. In addition, it would also describe the goals, objectives and strategies of the
NAPA, taking into account other plans and multilateral environmental agreements.
While the NAPA identifies urgent and immediate action, it still needs to fit within development
goals, plans and frameworks, especially in relation to rural citizens and economic development plans for
the country. NAPAs will not attempt to implement broad national development goals; rather, NAPAs
would build upon national goals and integrate into national plans. They should also promote synergies
with other plans of action, and action in the context of other MEAs.
Most if not all countries have elaborated their development goals, and have systems in place to
implement the associated plans through economic planning, etc. It is important that the NAPA team be
aware of these, because NAPAs may be expected to safeguard important systems, including infrastructure
that would be critical in achieving economic goals for the country. For example, a NAPA may wish to
flood-proof a single bridge that connects a major cash-crop producing area of a region.
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4.
included.
Where possible, a description of the potential barriers to implementation should also be
There may be potentially serious barriers to implementing NAPAs, such as a lack of policies to
facilitate the implementation of the NAPA. These barriers should be identified and possibly considered as
areas for intervention in the immediate term or in future. Examples of such barriers could include legal
and policy-level inadequacies or inconsistencies, institutional, social, economic and cultural barriers, lack
of awareness of climate change issues etc.
C. Identification of key adaptation needs
5.
Based on this overview and framework, past and current practices for adaptation to
climate change and climate variability will be identified as related to existing information regarding the
country’s vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change, climate variability and extreme weather
events, as well as long-term climate change. This section will explain how and to what extent activities
may address specific vulnerabilities.
This will be the synthesis of the core of the NAPA preparation process, and should clearly
articulate suggested courses of action based on specific vulnerabilities. This long list of activities should
be based on the assessments carried out by the NAPA team, including very substantive involvement by
stakeholders.
In some cases, countries may have adequate information from past studies to suggest urgent
actions to address previously identified priorities. In such a case, the multi-stakeholder dialogue would
emphasise the discussion of actions and selection of priority activities.
6.
Given the actual and potential adverse effects of climate change described in section F.2
above, this section will identify relevant adaptation options including capacity building, policy reform,
and integration into sectoral policies and project-level activities.
D. Criteria for selecting priority activities
A country should be free to choose from these criteria as best suits their case. NAPA activities
must address convincing threats of climate and climate change, and information should be provided that
shows potential damages and how this damage would be avoided or reduced. NAPA activities should
demonstrate fiscal responsibility (cost-effectiveness), they must be related to level of risk, and should
complement important country goals, such as overcoming poverty to enhance adaptive capacity, and other
environmental agreements.
The prioritisation process is a two-tiered approach. Under paragraph 15 below, four general
criteria will be used to select priority adaptation activities from a long list of potential activities. The
criteria under paragraph 16 below will be prioritised and will subsequently be used to rank the selected
NAPA activities.
The criteria under paragraph 15 could be seen as of a first order; those under paragraph 16 as
further detailing. It is possible to take all of these criteria into account by employing multi-criteria
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analysis, as set out in Appendix D, where an example of a possible way to structure the criteria is given.
Countries are encouraged to limit the number of criteria to a manageable number.
7.
A set of locally driven criteria will be used to select priority adaptation activities. These
criteria should include, inter alia:
(a)
Level or degree of adverse effects of climate change;
(b)
Poverty reduction to enhance adaptive capacity;
(c)
Synergy with other multilateral environmental agreements;
(d)
Cost-effectiveness.
8.
These criteria for prioritisation will be applied to, inter alia:
(a)
Loss of life and livelihood;
Countries are encouraged to treat “loss of life” and “loss of livelihood” as two distinct criteria.
(b)
Human health;
(c)
Food security and agriculture;
(d)
Water availability, quality and accessibility;
(e)
Essential infrastructure;
(f)
Cultural heritage;
(g)
Biological diversity;
(h)
Land-use management and forestry;
(i)
Other environmental amenities;
This could include wetlands, natural attractions, etc.
(j)
Coastal zones, and associated loss of land.
Countries should use all or any of the above, as well as other relevant criteria for their situation.
E. List of priority activities
9.
This section will list priority climate-change adaptation activities that have been selected
based on the criteria listed in section F.4 above.
This is the outcome of the NAPA preparation process – a list of priority activities, which fit in
well with the country's development goals and poverty reduction strategies, while at the same time
enhancing the adaptive capacity of its vulnerable communities.
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10.
For each of the selected priority activities a set of profiles will be developed for inclusion
in the NAPA document. This could follow the format set out in subparagraph 8(c)(iv) above.
The format of the project profile is as follows, and each should be about 2-3 pages only:




Title
Rationale/justification, in relation to climate change, including sectors
concerned
Description
- Objectives and activities
- Inputs
- Short-term outputs
- Potential long-term outcomes
Implementation
- Institutional arrangement
- Risks and barriers
- Evaluation and monitoring
- Financial resources
F. NAPA preparation process
11.
This section will describe the NAPA development process, including the process of
consultation, the methods for evaluation and monitoring, the institutional arrangements, and the
mechanism of endorsement by the national government.
This final section would document, briefly, the processes and major steps in developing the NAPA,
paying particular attention to the important guiding principles of NAPA, namely:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Use of a participatory process involving stakeholders, especially local
communities
Inclusion of multiple disciplines and inclusion of agencies responsible for
implementing development plans
Country-drivenness
Contribution to overall sustainable development goals
Government endorsement and commitment to implementing the outcomes, and
some system for accountability
Transparency
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