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1. Varieties of plants in which self-pollination produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as a. b. c. d. Hybrids The F2 generation Monohybrid crosses True-breeding Correct answer: D 2. A monohybrid cross is a. The second generation of a self-fertilized plant b. A breeding experiment in which the parental varieties have only one trait in common c. A breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ only in one character d. A breeding experiment in which the parental varieties have only one prominent trait. Correct answer: C 3. Which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is FALSE? a. The genetic make-up of an organism constitutes its genotype b. An organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait c. Alleles are alternate forms of a gene d. The expressed physical traits of an organism are called its phenotype Correct answer: B 4. The alleles of a gene are found at _______ chromosomes a. b. c. d. The same locus on non-homologous Different loci on homologous Different loci on non-homologous The same locus on homologous Correct answer: D 5. The phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals showing independent assortment is expected to be a. b. c. d. 1:2:1 3:1 9:1:1:3 9:3:3:1 Correct answer: D 6. Mendel’s law of independent assortment states that a. Chromosomes sort independently of each other during mitosis and meiosis b. Independent sorting of genes produces polyploid plants under some circumstances c. Each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation d. Genes are sorted concurrently during gamete formation Correct answer: C 7. A testcross is a. A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest b. A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and an individual heterozygous for the trait of interest c. A mating between two individuals heterozygous for the trait of interest d. A mating between two individuals of unknown genotype Correct answer: A 8. Most genetic disorders in humans are caused by a. b. c. d. Multiple alleles Recessive alleles A mutation that occurs in the egg, sperm, or zygote Dominant alleles Correct answer: B 9.Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling allow for ___and ____ of the fetus. a. b. c. d. Imaging; karyotyping Sexing; imaging Karyotyping; biochemical testing Direct observation; biochemical testing Correct answer: C 10. Which of the following statements regarding prenatal testing is FALSE? a. Results from chorionic villus sampling come faster than those from amniocentesis b. Chorionic villus sampling is typically performed later in the pregnancy than amniocentesis c. Ultrasound imaging has no known risk. d. Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are usually reserved for pregnancies with higher than usual risks of complications Correct answer: B 11. The expression of both alleles for a trait in a heterozygous individual illustrates a. b. c. d. Incomplete dominance Codominance Pleiotropy Polygenic inheritance Correct answer: B 12. All of the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink flowers. This means that the allele for red flowers is _____ to the allele for white flowers. a. Dominant b. Codominant c. Incompletely dominant d. Recessive Correct answer: C 13. Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance in humans? a. b. c. d. Albinism Hypercholesterolemia Skin color ABO blood groups Correct answer: B 14. Genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as ______ genes and generally _________ a. b. c. d. Linked; sort independently during meiosis Homologous; are inherited together Linked; do not sort independently during meiosis Codependent; do not sort independently during meiosis Correct answer: C 15. A color blind woman marries a man who is not colorblind. All of their sons, but none of their daughters , are colorblind. Which of the following statements correctly explains these results? a. The gene for color vision is incompletely dominant to the gene for sex determination b. The gene for color vision is codominant with the gene for sex determination c. The gene for color vision is found on the X chromosome d. The gene for color vision is found on the Y chromosome Correct answer: C 16. sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because a. Men acquire two copies of the defective gene during fertilization b. Men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed. c. The sex chromosomes are more active in men than in women d. The genes associated with the sex-linked conditions are linked to the Y-chromosome, which determines maleness. Correct answer: B 17. Blood samples are taken from the heel of newborn babies to test for the a mutation in the PKU gene, which if left untreated and in severe cases, can lead to mental retardation., reduced skin pigmentation, and seizures. Which concept is being illustrated by this example? a. b. c. d. Incomplete dominance Polygenic inheritance Pleiotropy Codominance Correct answer: C 18. Below are two statements: Which (if any) applies to the law of segregation? Which (if any) applies to the law of independent assortment? 1. Phenotypes for long tails and big eyes are inherited separately in lab mice 2. A baby mouse inherits a maternal red eye allele and a paternal black eye allele a. 1 is segregation and 2 is independent assortment b. 1 is independent assortment and 2 is segregation c. Both 1 and 2 are segregation d. Both 1 and 2 are independent assortment Correct answer: B 19. You prepare a karyotype from a cell from an unknown organism. Upon analysis, you find 22 pairs of chromosomes that are each of equal length, and also a single pair that has one chromosome longer than the other. What can you conclude from this information? a. The organism that this cell came from is likely a female b. The organism that this cell came from is likely a male c. The organism that this cell came from has a genetic disease. d. This cell is likely haploid Correct answer: B 20. Justin has type A blood ad his wife Brittany has type B blood. Justin’s parents both have type AB blood, and Brittany’s parents also both have type AB blood. What are the chances that Justin and Brittany’s son Theodore has type A blood? a. b. c. d. 100% 75% 25% 0% Correct answer: D After reading the paragraph below, answer questions 21 and 22 given below: A man and his wife are having trouble having a baby. Using modern technologies, the woman’s eggs are removed, fertilized with her husband’s sperm, and implanted into her uterus. The procedure is successful, and the woman gives birth to a healthy baby boy. After a while, though, they discover that their son is colorblind, and has blood type O. The woman claims that the child can’t be theirs since she has blood type A and her husband has type B. Also neither parent is colorblind, although one grandparent (the woman’s grandfather) is also colorblind. 21. As a genetic counselor, you could explain to the parents that a. The eggs must have been accidentally switched, since the baby’s blood type has to match one of his parents. b. Each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood. c. The eggs must have been accidentally switched, since a type A parent and a type B parent can have any type children except O. d. It is possible for the baby to have type O blood, since type O is inherited through a dominant allele. Correct answer: B 22. In regard to the baby’s colorblindness, a sex-linked recessive trait, you explain that a. Color blindness often appears randomly, even if neither parent is colorblind. b. The baby’s father must have a recessive allele for color blindness. c. Since color blindness is sex-linked, a son inherit color blindness if his mother has the recessive colorblindness allele. d. The eggs must have been accidentally switched, since males inherit sex-linked traits only from their fathers. Correct answer: C 23. In pea plants, round peas are dominant (R) and shriveled peas are recessive(r). Yellow peas (Y) are dominant and green peas (y) are recessive. Using a Punnett square, find the phenotypes of the parental plants that were used in this cross by Mendel? a. b. c. d. Rryy and RrYy Rryy and rrYy RRyy and rryy RrYy and RrYy Correct answer: A 24. If A is dominant to a and B is dominant to b, what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross AaBb x AaBb a. b. c. d. 16:0:0:0 8:4:2:2 1:1:1:1 9:3:3:1 Correct answer: D 25. Which of the following statements best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders? a.Lethal disorders caused by dominant alleles are usually more severe than lethal disorders caused by recessive alleles b. Unlike lethal disorders caused by recessive alleles, lethal disorders caused by dominant alleles usually cause the death of the embryos. c. Most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce. d. The presence of a lethal dominant allele causes sterility Correct answer: CVarieties of plants in which self-pollination produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as