Download （1）The vesicular nucleus

Medical Protozoology
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1. Introduction to Protozoa
• 65,000 species
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more than 40 are medical
Protozoa ---is an unicellular eukaryote
animals with whole physiological functions
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2. Morphology
size--- 2 μm  200μm
shape--- round, ellipse,
pear like, erose
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Morphology
Cell membrane
Matrix
Protozoa
Cytoplasm
Organelle
(Basic structure)
Nourishment materials
Nucleus
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Nucleus
（1）The vesicular nucleus
round in shape with 1 karyosome, with
little of chromatin
（2）The compact nucleus
2 or more karyosomes , full of chromatin
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3. Life cycle
Three types of life cycle
1. Person-to-person transfer (direct or indirect)
a single host only
① Trophozoite only: e.g. Trichomonas vaginalis
② Trophozoite --active feeding stage, reproductive
stage, pathogenic stage
Cyst---resting stage, resistant form,
infective stage e.g. E. histolytica
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2. Circulating transfer
more than one vertebrate
with sexual and asexual reproduction
e.g. Toxoplasma gondii
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3. Arthropod (vector) transfer
need insect
person to insect and insect to person
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4.
Physiology
1. Locomotion
2. Reproduction
1)Asexual Reproduction
①Binary fission – resulting in 2 daughter cells
②Multiple fission-- resulting in a number of cells
③Budding
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2) Sexual Reproduction
①Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material
of 2 ( ciliates only)
②Gametogony
--- ♀♂gametes
zygote
• Alternation of generations
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5. Pathological Characteristics of
Protozoa
1. Proliferation
2. Transmission( diffusion and invasion)
3. Opportunistic pathogenicity
(immunodeficiency persons)
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Classification
Generally, according to their locomotion
organelles, protozoa can be divided into
4 groups:
Amoebae
Ciliates
Flagellates
Sporozoan
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Amoebae
Flagellates
Ciliates
Sporozoan
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Cell membrane
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receptors, enzymes, ligand
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strong antigenicity
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associating with ingestion, excretion,
locomotion, invasion
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Cytoplasm
Matrix
Ectoplasm gel state with function of protection,
locomotion, sensation, etc
Endoplasm
sol state with granules
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Ectoplasm
Nucleus
Endoplasm
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Organelle
①Membranous organelles
mitochondria, Golgi body, kinetoplast etc
② Locomotory organelles
Pseudopodium
Flagellum
Cilium
③Intake of food organelles
cytostome
cytopharynx
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Pseudopodium
Flagellum
Cilium
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cytostome
cytopharynx
cytoproct
( Balantidium coli )
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Nourishment materials
food vacuole
glycongen vacuole
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vesicular nucleus
nuclear membrane
central karyosome
chromatin granules
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compact
nucleus
( Balantidium coli )
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Binary fission
Multiple fission
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Trichomonas Vaginalis
Trophozoite
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Trophozoite
E. histolytica
Cyst
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Helmith
nematode
trematode
cestode
Protozoa
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