Download Macromolecules Notes

+Properties of Water – benefits for life
 Cohesion
 Adhesion
 Transparency
 Density
 Solvent
 Heat
capacity
+
Macromolecules Notes
+ Organic Molecules
All molecules containing carbon found in living
systems with a few exceptions (CO2)
 Mostly
have covalent bonds
 polar covalent bonds
 Non polar covalent bonds: Equal sharing,
molecule is not charged.
Note: Inorganic molecules are all other
molecules. Can have ionic bonds like NaCl
+
PS!
Things with carbon are organic UNLESS
they are exclusively C & H (or CO2)…
these are not organic.
ie. Hydrogencarbonate : CH4
Macromolecules
 Polymer:
a long molecule consisting of
many similar or identical building blocks
linked by covalent bonds
Polymers
 Polymers
are made up of monomers
 Monomers
are small repeating units; the
building blocks of polymers.
 Ex: Glucose is a monomer, starch is a polymer: many
glucose bonded together make starch.
Glucose
Starch
Condensation Reactions
 Condensation



Reaction- building polymers
Two molecules are joined to form a larger molecule, held
by covalent bonds; requires an enzyme and produces one
water molecule.
Each monomer contributes to water that is made, one
provides the -OH, one the -H.
Aka dehydration reaction
+
Condensation Reaction
For Example:
Glucose + Galactose  Lactose + water
(monomer) + (monomer)  (polymer) + water
* Lactose is really called a dimer (only two monomers are bonded
together) Di- means 2
** Polymer is for many monomers bonded together; Poly- means many
Hydrolysis
How to break polymers into monomers
bonds between monomers of a polymer are broken
by the addition of water molecules; requires
enzymes


a H from water attaches to one monomer
OH from water attaches to the other monomer
+
Hydrolysis
For Example:
Lactose + water  Glucose + Galactose
(polymer) + water  (monomer) + (monomer)
Classes of Macromolecules
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic
Acids
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides: simplest
carbohydrates
 simple sugars
 General formula (CH2O)n
 Major nutrients for cells
 raw material for other
molecules
 disaccharides and
polysaccharides
 Ex: glucose, fructose,
galactose C6H12O6
Monosaccharides

**Glucose: energy source
carried by the blood to
cells

**Fructose: used to
make fruit sweet tasting
and attractive to animals

Galactose: used to make
milk
Draw these!
- you should be able to recognize them
Glucose
Structure
Ribose
Structure
Disaccharides
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides joined
by a glycosidic linkage (covalent bond
between monosaccharides using
condensation)
 Ex:
sucrose; maltose; lactose
Disaccharides
 **Sucrose:
glucose +
fructose; carried by
phloem to transport
energy to cells in
plants
 Maltose:
2 glucose;
used in creating
starch
 **Lactose:
glucose +
galactose; the sugar in
milk; source of energy
Polysacchrides
Polysaccharides: storage and structural
macromolecules made from a few hundred
to a few thousand monosaccharides
 Ex:
starch, glycogen, cellulose
Storage Polysaccharides
 Starch:
found in
plants, polymer made
of glucose molecules,
used for energy
 **Glycogen:
found in
animals, a highly
branched polymer of
glucose (short term
energy storage in liver
and muscle cells)
+
Structural Polysaccharides
**Cellulose: used
to make strong
fibers; major
components on
plant cell walls
Bioweb.wku.edu
Lipids
 Functions:
 Long
term energy
storage molecules in
plants and animals
 Insulation
 Buoyancy
 Solids
are known as
fats; liquids are
known as oils
 Animals:
store fat
 Plants: store oils
General Lipid Structure
 Glycerol
attached to one or more fatty acids
Fatty Acid Structue
Fatty Acid:
Draw this structure!
Types of Lipids
 Fat: Composed of a fatty
acid attached to glycerol
 Triglyceride: Consists
of three fatty acids linked
to glycerol by
condensation reactions
02.03.17 How can you tell ribose and
glucose apart?
Today:
-
Wrap macromolecule notes
-
Option D Packet Begin
Types of Lipids
Fatty Acid: a long
hydrocarbon “tail” with a
carboxyl group at the
head end
 Saturated: have no
double bonds in the
carbon chains
 Unsaturated: have
double bonds in carbon
chains
Cis = Curved = Omega - 3
Trans = Straightened hydrogenated
Types of Lipids
Phospholipids:
major components
of cell membranes
 Hydrophilic
head
 Two fatty acid tails
(hydrophobic)
Proteins
 Functions:
 Structural
Amino acids
Spider silk
support
 Storage (not of energy)
 Digestion
 Transport
 Signaling
 Movement
 Defense
 Hormones
 Enzymes
Enzymes
 Function
Haemoglobin
depends
on structure and
interactions of amino
acids of polymer
Proteins
 Made
up of amino acids
 Amino
acid chains form
polypeptides, based on a
specific sequence and vary
in length from a few to
thousands
 Proteins
consist of one or
more polypeptides folded
and coiled into specific
formations
Proteins
Denaturation (break down) of proteins
is caused by:



Change in pH
Salt concentration
Temperature
Amino Acids
 Amino
 An
Acid Structure:
amino group
bonded to a central
carbon bonded to a
carboxyl group, an
“R” group (some other
functional group)
bonded to the central
carbon
 Types
of Amino
Acids
 20
different (don’t
memorize)
 Grouped by the
properties of side chain
Non-polar side chains =
hydrophobic
 Polar side chains =
hydrophillic

Identify the following

Glucose

Ribose

Fatty Acid

Amino acid
+
Nucleic Acids
 Types:
DNA and RNA
 Made
of repeating units
of nucleotides
 Nucleotides
created by a
sugar, phosphate group
and a nitrogen base.
 DNA
contains
deoxyribose sugar
 RNA
contains ribose
sugar
02.06.17 Describe the relationship
between a monomer and polymer
I can model protein folding and review macromolecules.
Types of Lipids – Clarification/Correction!!
Fatty Acid: a long hydrocarbon “tail”
with a carboxyl group at the head end
 Saturated: have no double bonds in
the carbon chains
 Unsaturated: have double bonds in
carbon chains
Cis = Curved = Omega - 3
Trans = Straightened - hydrogenated
These are both types of unsaturated fat!
All about where the hydrogens are in the double bond.
Cis – liquid at room temperature
Trans – solid at room temp
Modeling
Polypeptide
Chains

Look at your card
(or help your
neighbor with
theirs)

What properties
does your amino
acid have?
Protein Folding
Our sequence:
Met, Lys, His, Val, Ser, Leu, Asp, Glu, Cys, Asn, Tyr, Val, Phe,
Trp, Pro, Ser, Thr, Gln, Cys, Gly
Hold your card in your left
hand. Side chain (R)
Touch the right shoulder of
the person in front of you
with your right hand.
Peptide bond.
Check your card  Key!
Blue
– hydrophilic
Red
– hydrophobic
Yellow
Black
– cysteine
– acidic (negatively charged)
Purple
– basic (positively charged)
Protein Folding – Don’t break
the peptide bond!!
N-terminus
n Met
n
+ Lys
+
+ His
+
n Val
n
p Ser
p
Hallway!
n Leu
n
n
First bond +is cysteine
+
-
+
+
-
- Asp
n 
Disulfide
Bridge
-
- Glu
-

S Cys

S
p Asn
S
p
n Val
n
n
-
Then charged
interactions
n
n
S
S
 pThen WATER!
p
p
n
n
n
S
S
n
n
p
n
n
(c)
n
Hydrophobic
Interactions
(d)
p Ser
p Gln
S Cys
n Gly
C-terminus
(a)
p
p
n
n Pro
p Thr
p
n
n
p
p
n Trp
(b)
n
p
p
p
p
n
n Phe
n
n
Ionic
Bonding
p
p Tyr
p
p
Figure 2. Steps in the protein folding demonstration. Each circle represents an
amino acid. The symbols used within the circles indicate the grouping to which
the amino belongs: n, nonpolar; p, polar; -, acidic; +, basic; S, sulfur containing
cysteine. (a) Primary structure of the polypeptide. (b) Configuration following
the formation of the covalently bonded disulfide bridge. (c) Configuration with
ionic bonding between acidic and basic side groups. (d) Final form of protein
with hydrophobic interactions included.
What you did.
n


Disulfide bridge!
React to Water!
+
+

n
p
Ionic Bonding
n
+
Disulfide +
Bridge n
p
n
n Disulfide
Bridge
p -
n
S
S
p
S
n
p
p n
n
p
n
p
p
p
p
n
n
n
n
(b)
n
n
p +
-
n
+
p n
p
p
-n+
nS-
Ionic
Bonding p p
n
n
n
SS
+
S
+
n
p
S
n
p
p
pp
nn
n p
n
n
n
n
+
-
p
p
p
n
n
(c)
n
n
+
-
-
+
-
nn
n
S
pp
n
n
SS
S
-
n
S
S
n
p
n
n
p
np
n
p
p
p
n
n
p
n
p
p
n
p
Hydrophobic
p
Interactions
Hydrophobic Hydrophobic
Interactions Interactions
(d)
p p
p
n p
p
nn
p
n
n
+
-
Ionic + Ionic
n
Bonding
pS
Bonding
p
S
p
pp
n
n
S
-
n
+
n
n
+
n Disulfide
n
Bridge
-
p
(d)
n
n
Practice!
 Work
independently or
with a small group to
review your
macromolecule
knowledge
 This
is a homework
assignment that will be
checked during class
tomorrow.