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REPRODUCTION
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1. List the parts and
functions of the female
reproductive tract:
1. A. ovaries- produce
eggs, secrete hormones,
form the corpus luteum.
B. infindibulum- funnels
the egg into the fallopian
tube
c. fallopian tube or
oviduct- lead from the
ovaries to the uterus.
Place of fertilization.
D. uterus- where the embryo implants and
develops
 e. cervix- thick muscular folds that seal off
the uterus when pregnancy occurs
 f. vagina- organ of copulation where
natural insemination occurs.
 G. urethra- pathway for urine
 h. vulva- external opening
 clitoris- homologue to male penis,
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2. List the parts and function of the male
reproductive tract:
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2. The parts are:
a. scrotum- protection and
temperature regulation
b. testicles- the production
of sperm cells and
testosterone
c. epididymis- long tube
outside of testicles for
storage of sperm until it
matures
d. vas deferns- tube leads
from epididymis to urethra
e. seminal vesicles- secretes fluid for
transport
 f. prostate gland- secretes thick rich protein
 g. cowpers gland- secretes an alkaline to
clean urethra
 h. urethra- tube extends from bladder out
the penis
 I. Penis- organ of copulation.
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3. List and explain the female
hormones:
The female hormones are:
 a. fsh- causes the ovaries to produce
estrogen
 b. estrogen- causes the female to come into
heat.
 C. lh- cause the formation of the corpus
luteum
 d. progestrone- produce by the cl and is for
the maintenance of pregnancy.
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4. List the hormones produced by
the testes:
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4. Testosterone is the hormone produced by
the testes and it is for the development and
function of male reproductive organs, male
characteristics, and sex drive.
5. What are the lengths of heat
for beef, sheep, swine and
horses?
5. The lengths of heat are:
 Horse- occurs every 21 days and lasts avg. 6
days
 Swine- occurs every 21 days and lasts 44
hrs
 Sheep- occurs every 16 days and lasts 30
hrs
 beef- occurs every 21 days and lasts 12 hrs.
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6. What occurs during the heat
period in terms of preparation and
hormone activity?
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6. The anterior pituitary gland (ap)produces
FSH which cause a follicle in the ovaries to
grow, as the grow they produce estrogen,
and when the estrogen levels peak the
animals comes into heat. This is also the
time that the follicle ruptures and releases
and egg. When this occurs LH is released
and cause the follicle to turn into a corpus
luteum which produces Progestrone for the
maintenance of pregnancy.
7. What are some causes of
sterility in males and females?
7. Some causes of sterility in males and
females are:
 A. females- only one functional ovary,
freemartin, one uterine horn, and blind
cervix
 B, males- Genital infections( Brucelossis,
vibriosis), poor feeding or management,
inherited abnormalities( cryptorchidism,
scrotal hernia)
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8. What is a free martin?
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7. A free martin is a heifer born twin to a
bull. There is a 75 % chance that this heifer
will be sterile due to testosterone leaking
and cause her reproductive tract to not fully
develop.
9. What is flushing?
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9. Flushing is increasing the amount and
quality of feed two weeks prior to breeding
to increase fertility.
10. How do you AI and PregTest?
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The insemination process is quite straightforward.
However,
since relatively few sperm cells will be used, their
placement is critical. The semen should be placed in the
body of the uterus just in front of the cervix. You can
recognize the proper site by the change in tissue
consistency—
from firm and hard in the cervix to soft and spongy in
the uterus. To achieve the highest possible fertility rate,
semen should be deposited at the very front end of the
cervix.
The internal (or front) end of the cervix is often called the
anterior cervical . To deposit semen at this location
requires the use of a special device called Cassou pipette,
or
“AI gun.” The recto-vaginal insemination process is used.
The inseminator places his hand in the rectum and
manipulates
the reproductive tract so that the gun passes through
the vagina, then it is manipulated through the cervical
rings,
and then held at the internal opening of the cervix for
semen
deposition. In adequately restrained cattle this will take 30
seconds to 2 minutes. At first, however, passing an
insemi-nation syringe might not be easy because you
might encounter
natural obstructions on your way to the target.
11. Define:
11. A. Allele- are pairs of genes located at
same place on chromosomes.
 B. phenotype- Physical appearance of the
animal.
 C. genotype- genetic make-up of the animal
 D. Monohybrid- cross of one set of genes
 E. Dihybrid- Cross of two gene
characteristics.
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F. dominant- gene that hides or masks other
genes.
 G. recessive- refers to genes that get
masked
 H. homozygous- an animal that carries two
identical genes in its allele
 I. Heterozygous- two unlike genes
 J. chromosomes- gene carriers
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K. Gene- Single unit of inheritance
 L. Co-Dominance- or incomplete
dominance- genes blend
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