* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Elements PPT
Oxidation state wikipedia , lookup
Photoelectric effect wikipedia , lookup
Electrical resistivity and conductivity wikipedia , lookup
Bond valence method wikipedia , lookup
Livermorium wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear transmutation wikipedia , lookup
Metastable inner-shell molecular state wikipedia , lookup
Inorganic chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Nuclear binding energy wikipedia , lookup
Low-energy electron diffraction wikipedia , lookup
Molecular orbital diagram wikipedia , lookup
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
X-ray fluorescence wikipedia , lookup
Abundance of the chemical elements wikipedia , lookup
Chemical element wikipedia , lookup
Resonance (chemistry) wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Electronegativity wikipedia , lookup
Atomic orbital wikipedia , lookup
Periodic table wikipedia , lookup
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry wikipedia , lookup
History of chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Hypervalent molecule wikipedia , lookup
Metallic bonding wikipedia , lookup
Extended periodic table wikipedia , lookup
Atomic nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Chemical bond wikipedia , lookup
Chemistry: A Volatile History wikipedia , lookup
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005 wikipedia , lookup
Electron configuration wikipedia , lookup
Biogeochemical Cycles Second Semester Unit Cycles we will cover this semester. Rock Cycle Star Cycle And many others. Law of Conservation of Mass Matter cannot be create or destroyed, it simply changes forms Everything in the world cycles Bottom line is there is a fixed amount of stuff and we’re not making any more elements Where they are located in the system effects the system, how do we get the stuff we need and how do we ensure that we have enough. Matter Material that makes up everything in our universe All matter has mass and volume, it can be weighed and take up space Elements Pure substances that can not be separated into simpler substances by a chemical process Known elements are found on the periodic table of the elements Atoms The smallest particle of an element. Atoms are very small there is 10 to the 23rd atoms in a gram of water Contain positively charged protons, neutral neutrons, and negatively charged electrons Neutrons and protons make up the nucleus of an atom, while electrons orbit around the nucleus Each element has a unique arrangement of protons, neutrons, or electrons Each element is unique Atomic number equals the number of protons The number of protons equals the number of electrons All elements (atoms) have a unique arrangement Periodic Table of the Elements Atoms A stable atom has equal number of protons and electrons Each atom has electrons floating in energy levels and there are patterns to where those electrons are located Oxygen Atom This atom has 8 protons. That means that a stable oxygen has 8 electrons. In this oxygen atom the first energy level can hold two electrons, and the second can hold eight so it needs two more to be stable, that means that oxygen wants to combine with other elements or itself. 8 1st Energy Level 2nd Energy Level Elements combine to make compounds Most matter on Earth is in the form of compounds Compounds have a fixed ratio of atoms Compounds contain specific combinations of elements, have the same properties, and react in predictable ways Bonding There are two types of chemical bonds Covalent- in which atoms share electrons so each has a full outer energy level Ionic- which one atom steals another’s electron to fill its outer energy level and in doing so creates opposite charges which attract Covalent Bonding This Oxygen atom will share the extra electron so that their valences are full. Ionic Bonds Ionic bonds are created when an atom with more proton pull steals an electron from a weaker atom When an atom gains or loses an electron it becomes charged or ionized What charge would an atom that loses an electron have? Gains an electron? Ionic Bonds Elements are the building blocks of our world. Elements combine to form compounds Compounds combine to form substances One or more elements combine to make minerals Minerals combine to form rocks Elements Vs. Atoms NaAlSi3O8 How many elements are in this mineral? How many atoms? KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OHF)2 How many elements are in this mineral? How many atoms? Minerals Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solids, with a definite chemical composition, and an orderly arrangement of atoms. What a mouthful! If we don’t grow it, it’s made of minerals. Look around the room and make a list of all the things made of minerals (Hint: if it’s not wood it’s mineral) Minerals 11 We have joined two elements together with an ionic bond to form the mineral Halite or more commonly salt. Ionic Mineral Crystals Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Think in terms of a magnet. As opposites attract we keep adding more molecules always positive to negative as the crystal grows.