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SECTION 7–2: TYPES OF REACTIONS Physical Science Coach Kelsoe Pages 199–205 OBJECTIVES Interpret chemical equations in terms of reactants, products, and conservation of mass. Balance chemical equations by manipulating coefficients. Convert between moles and mass of a substance using molar mass. Calculate amounts of reactants or products by using molar mass, mole ratios, and balanced chemical equations. CLASSIFYING REACTIONS There are five general chemical reactions that take place in nature: Synthesis Decomposition Single-replacement Double-replacement Combustion SYNTHESIS REACTIONS A synthesis reaction is a reaction in which two or more substances react to form a single substance. The general equation for a synthesis reaction is: A + B AB 2H2 + O2 2H2O Which of the following is NOT always true about a synthesis reaction? A: There is only one reactant. An iron fence is left unpainted, and it reacts with the oxygen in the air, forming rust. The formation of rust is an oxidation-reduction reaction, but it is also an example of a synthesis reaction. DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. The general equation for a decomposition reaction is AB A + B 2H2O 2H2 + O2 CaCO3 CaO + CO2 A decomposition reaction is the opposite of a synthesis reaction. SINGLE-REPLACEMENT REACTION A single-replacement reaction is a reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in a compound. The general equation for a single-replacement reaction is: A + BC B +AC Cu + 2AgNO3 2Ag + Cu(NO3)2 A cation will only replace a cation, and an anion will only replace an anion. DOUBLE REPLACEMENT REACTION A double-replacement reaction is one in which two different compounds exchange positive ions and form two new compounds. The general equation for a double-replacement reaction is: AB + CD AD + CB Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KNO3 In a double-replacement reaction, there are two reactants and two products. COMBUSTION REACTION A combustion reaction is one in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen, often producing heat and light. Combustion reactions can also be synthesis reactions, but don’t necessarily have to be. The combustion of a hydrocarbon always produces carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). The element oxygen is always present in a combustion reaction. TYPES OF REACTIONS When magnesium carbonate, MgCO2, reacts with nitric acid, HNO3, magnesium nitrate and carbonic acid form. Carbonic acid then breaks down into water and carbon dioxide. Which two types of reactions take place in this process? A: Double-replacement and decomposition Single-replacement reactions can take place with nonmetals. In the following equation, assume that A and C are nonmetals and B is a metal. Complete the following general equation for the replacement of a nonmetal in a compound by another nonmetal: A + BC C + BA. REACTIONS AS ELECTRON TRANSFERS The discovery of subatomic particles enabled scientists to classify certain chemical reactions as transfers of electrons between atoms. A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another is called an oxidation-reduction reaction. Which of the following takes place during a redox reaction? A: Electrons are both gained and lost. OXIDATION Any process in which an element loses electrons during a chemical reaction is called an oxidation. Oxygen is not necessary for an element to go through oxidation. This is a broad term for losing electrons. Sodium (Na) atoms go through oxidation to become ions: Na Na+ + 1e-. Everything in groups 1-13 can go through oxidation. In a chemical reaction, an iron atom became the ion Fe2+. What happened to the iron atom? A: It lost electrons and was oxidized. REDUCTION The process in which an element gains electrons during a chemical reaction is called reduction. A reactant is said to be reduced if it gains electrons. Oxidation and reduction always occur together. When one element loses electrons, another must gain them. When fluorine reacts with a metal, it forms an Fion. The fluorine atom has gained an electron and undergone reduction. VOCABULARY Synthesis reaction Decomposition reaction Single-replacement reaction Double-replacement reaction Combustion reaction Oxidation-reduction reaction STUDY GUIDE #13-16, 33-37 should be completed.