Download Attitude - Living Word

Attitudes and the Spiritual Life
Lesson 007
05/27/07
How Man Tries to Understand
Mankind: Correlating The Big
Five, The MBTI and the 4
Temperaments
The Goal of the Attitudes Study
• We have identified 12 Spiritual Life Factors and
introduced them in our SLB Series.
• The goal of the Attitudes and Spiritual Living
Series is to make each of these steps “practiceable” in our daily confrontation with the World, the
Flesh and the Devil, who come to us in the form of
situations and people who afford us the
opportunity to demonstrate the Nature of God that
He has given us in our Regeneration - the Genetic
Reservoir of Righteousness.
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Unskilled and Unaware of It
• Abstract
People tend to hold overly favorable views of their
abilities in many social and intellectual domains.
• The authors suggest that this overestimation
occurs, in part, because people who are unskilled
in these domains suffer a dual burden: Not only do
these people reach erroneous conclusions and
make unfortunate choices, but their incompetence
robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it.
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Unskilled and Unaware of It
• Matthew 13:13 (AMP)
•
• 13 This is the reason that I speak to them in
parables: because having the power of
seeing, they do not see; and having the
power of hearing, they do not hear, nor do
they grasp and understand.
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The Goal of the Attitudes Study
• Personality can be defined as a dynamic and
organized set of characteristics possessed by a
person that uniquely influences his or her
cognition, motivations, and behaviors in various
situations (Ryckman, 2004).
• The word "personality" originates from the greek
persona, which means mask. Significantly, in the
theatre of the ancient Latin-speaking world, the
mask was not used as a plot device to disguise
the identity of a character, but rather was a
convention employed to represent or typify that
character.
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Attitudes
• Unlike personality, attitudes are expected to
change as a function of experience. Tesser
(1993) has argued that hereditary variables
may affect attitudes - but believes that they
may do so indirectly.
• For example, if one inherits the disposition
to become an extrovert, this may affect
one's attitude to certain styles of music.
There are numerous theories of attitude
formation and attitude change.
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitude is one of Jung's 57 definitions in
Chapter XI of Psychological Types. Jung's
definition of attitude is a "readiness of the
psyche to act or react in a certain way"
(Jung, [1921] 1971:par. 687).
• A complex mental state involving beliefs
and feelings and values and dispositions to
act in certain ways; "he had the attitude that
work was fun"
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Appraisal
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Attitude
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitude: A relatively stable and enduring
predisposition to behave or react in a
characteristic way.
•
The American Heritageｨ Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 2nd Edition Copyright
2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
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The Goal of the ASL Study
•
[Attitudes represent] a more or less permanently
enduring state of readiness of mental organization
which predisposes an individual to react in a
characteristic way (Cantril, 1934).
• An attitude, roughly, is a residuum of experience,
by which further activity is conditioned and
controlled ... We may think of attitudes as
acquired tendencies to act in specific ways
toward objects (Krueger & Reckless, 1931).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• An attitude is a predisposition to
experience, to be motivated by, and to act
toward, a class of objects in a predictable
manner (Smith, Bruner, & White, 1956).
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The Goal of the ASL Study
• Attitudes are summary judgments of an
object or event which aid individuals in
structuring their complex social
environments (Fazio, 1986).
• Attitude is a psychological tendency that is
expressed by evaluating a particular entity
with some degree of favor or disfavor
(Eagly & Chaiken, 1993).
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Appraisal
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Attitude
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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The Appraisal Filters
Physical
Emotional
Mood
Values
Attribution
Beliefs
Self Esteem
Attitude
Self Concept
Self Image
Affect
Appraisal
Knowledge
Cognition
Behavior
Script
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Psychology Terms
• Passive - Repressed feelings or preferences.
• Resigning decisions and preferences to the whims of
others.
• Not acknowledging one's own viewpoints, likes, dislikes, or
ideas.
• Emotionally hiding.
• A need to become inconspicuous or "invisible."
• A fear of self-expression.
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Psychology Terms
• Aggressive - A direct attempt to control and
influence others and situations by
threatening words, posture, innuendos,
anger, or bullying.
• An invasion of the personal space of others.
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Psychology Terms
• Passive/aggressive - A resistance to expectations
or demands made in an indirect way so the
person cannot be directly blamed.
• Manipulation through procrastination, dawdling,
stubbornness, intentional inefficiency, and
forgetfulness.
• Indirect attacks made by vague or intentionally
misunderstood comments.
• Attempts to indirectly control others and
situations.
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Psychology Terms
• Narcissistic - A grandiose sense of selfimportance or success.
• Self-centered behavior and a feeling the
rules do not apply to them.
• Preoccupation and an exaggerated view of
their beauty, wealth, status, power, or
achievements.
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Psychology Terms
• Narcissistic (continued)
• Fantasies involving unrealistic goals.
• A sense of entitlement and self-importance
leading to a lack of empathy, exploitation of
relationships, and devaluing others.
• This describes the attitude of the Inherited
Genetic Human Nature.
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The 4 Temperaments
• Temperament, they say, differs from Personality in
that Temperament inborn and Personality grows
out of upbringing, culture, family, and other
external factors. Personality equals Temperament
plus Life Experience.
• In the study of Temperament there are many
approaches with many names. The easiest
approach to understand and use divides
individuals into one of four basic types –
Phlegmatic, Choleric, Sanguine, and Melancholy.
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The 4 Temperaments
• These names came from the Greeks who thought that
behavior was influenced by an abundance of bodily fluid.
• While the 4 body fluids system of healthcare died out in
the 1600’s, the belief that an individual can be classified by
Temperament type lives on as evidenced by the use of
Temperament tests in the areas of employment, group
teambuilding, organizational development and “Christian”
Pop Psychology.
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The 4 Temperaments
• Sanguine (blood), which means cheerful.
• Ch'-ler-ic (yellow bile), which means irascible. This
temperament applies to the achiever, one who is goaloriented.
• Melancholy (black bile), which means excessively gloomy.
The melancholy person is often bright, and neat, but tends to
focus on the flaws in things, the negative side.
• Phlegmatic (phlegm), which means sluggish or unexcitable.
The phlegmatic person tends to be slow-moving, calm, and
even timid.
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The Five Factor Model -Review
• In psychology, the Big Five personality
traits are five broad factors or dimensions
of personality discovered through empirical
research (Goldberg, 1993). They are:
• 1. Neuroticism
• 2. Extraversion
• 3. Agreeableness
• 4. Conscientiousness
• 5. Openness to Experience
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MBTI
• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is
an instrument for measuring a person's
preferences, using four basic scales with
opposite poles.
• The four scales are:
• 1. Extraversion/Introversion
• 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• 3. Thinking/Feeling
• 4. Judging/Perceiving
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The 4 Temperaments
• The 4 Temperaments is probably the most common
system adapted in “Christianity,
• The four Temperament types have been re-named many
times – one of the “Christian” adaptations is the DiSC
model.
• The interest in this and all types of “Typing” Systems is the
promise of “Understanding Temperament provides many
insights into our own behavior and the behaviors of others
– spouses, children, bosses, co-workers, etc.”[1]
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The 4 Temperaments
• Sanguine (blood), which means cheerful.
• Ch'-ler-ic (yellow bile), which means irascible. This
temperament applies to the achiever, one who is
goal-oriented.
• Melancholy (black bile), which means excessively
gloomy. The melancholy person is often bright, and
neat, but tends to focus on the flaws in things, the
negative side.
• Phlegmatic (phlegm), which means sluggish or
unexcitable. The phlegmatic person tends to be
slow-moving, calm, and even timid.
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The 4 Temperaments - Choleric
• The Choleric is the strongest of the extroverted
Temperaments.
• The Choleric Temperament is sometimes referred to as a
“Type A” personality; a hard driving individual known for
accomplishing goals.
• This is both good and bad; good in that the Choleric is a
person of accomplishment; they ‘get things done’.
• Bad, in that the Choleric does not care how they
accomplish those goals.
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The 4 Temperaments - Choleric
• The most insensitive of the Temperaments,
a Choleric cares little for the feelings of
others.
• They simply don’t play into the equation.
• In the DiSC model, the Choleric is the “D”
for Driver or Difficult.
• Cholerics have the most trouble with anger,
intolerance, and impatience.
• Those of other Temperaments are simply
tools to be used or problems to be avoided.
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The 4 Temperaments - Choleric
• The Choleric doesn’t stand on ceremony, they
want facts instead of emotions, and if you get your
feelings hurt, it’s your problem, not theirs.
• He welcomes challenges and even problems to
be solved, as he pursues his goal singlemindedly.
• He is no quitter, and is a natural leader.
• However, because he is so focused on his goal,
he often rubs people the wrong way, since he
rarely has time to see how they are responding to
his pursuit of his goal.
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The 4 Temperaments - Choleric
• He is usually not interested in the arts, but is more
utilitarian. He is often domineering and even
prideful.
• The Choleric may make an impressive leader –
the most obvious example is General George
Patton of World War II fame. Watching the
character portrayed by George C. Scott you find a
man who is driven and drives everyone around
him towards excellence.
• He makes a good CEO, or leader, or even
criminal if his interests lie in that direction
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The 4 Temperaments - Choleric
• “Irascible” is a negative way to describe a person
who is basically an activist, an achiever.
• Granted, such persons may be irascible, but that
should not define them. (It seems that
Hippocrates was a bit of a melancholy in the way
he described the achievers.)
• The word "achiever" better describes the
"choleric." (Florence Littauer speaks of the
"powerful choleric.")
• In any case, the achiever is one who is practical,
"active and strong-willed."
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The 4 Temperaments - Choleric
• He gets things done; he is "independent,
self-sufficient, decisive and opinionated...
he has endless ideas, plans and ambitions."
• A Choleric in business will often rise rapidly
in managerial rank but may leave damaged
people in his wake.
• And in the area of home and family, a
Choleric can damage spouses and children
by insisting on ‘my way or the highway’.
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The 4 Temperaments - Choleric
• If a choleric "goes astray", it will be from
bitterness and anger, though his principles
generally remain unshaken.
• He is apt to lose patience with those who lack his
depth, and to judge as "lukewarm" the adaptable
(and often peripheral) possessors of other
temperamental inclinations.
• Whatever he is and believes is totally genuine,
however it may be distorted by misplaced zeal at
times.
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The 4 Temperaments - Choleric
• The choleric's puzzlement at others' lack of
depth can grow to disgust, and, too often,
he who sees himself as championing the
causes from which others will benefit can
find himself quite alone.
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• The word picture of a Phlegmatic includes:
laid back, easy going, needing structure,
calm, passive, team oriented.
• A Phlegmatic is typically an introvert;
understanding that introvert doesn’t
necessarily mean unsociable.
• An introvert has an active inner life and can
be tired by large amounts of social
interaction.
• They need quiet and solitude to recharge.
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• Introverts are often seen as arrogant or snobbish
due to their quiet, introspective natures – this is
rarely, if ever, true.
• In the DiSC model, the Phlegmatic is the “S” for
Steady or Structure.
• Phlegmatics appear to the world as calm,
easygoing people.
• As friends they are fiercely loyal though they do
not usually have a large number of friends.
• It takes time to get to know a Phlegmatic because
they are not naturally outgoing.
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• Phlegmatics make great team members because
they are cooperative and do not insist on their
own way. They tend to prefer repetitive, structured
work, which also makes them excellent assistants
or committee members.
• The phlegmatic, is the calm, easy-going person.
He is often slow-moving, and does not get ruffled
easily. Many of the Latins have a strong
phlegmatic streak in them.
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• The phlegmatic is usually easy to get along with,
and has many friends, but is sometimes so laid
back that he doesn't get around to things he
should do.
• He will often not volunteer for a leadership role,
but if he somehow falls into it, he does well.
• He is able to make peace between feuding
parties.
• He tends to see the humorous side of human
nature, and may, with his dry humor, poke fun at
others in a hilariously funny way
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• The Phlegmatic has two chief weaknesses – first,
they have to fight a tendency towards laziness.
• It is very easy for a Phlegmatic to “drift” when
faced with unstructured time.
• The second weakness shared by Phlegmatics is a
naturally fearful streak.
• While apparently calm most of the time, the
Phlegmatic’s inside world is awash with anxiety
and fear.
• These fears may be completely unfounded but
still the Phlegmatic will find a way to worry.
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• The phlegmatic lack the sparkle of the
sanguine, but are also quite adaptable - and
will not be likely to "rock the boat", neither
through the zeal of the choleric and
melancholic, nor unwittingly as with the
sanguine.
• Frequently (as in the case of the great
theologian Aquinas, who is often thought to
have been of this temperament), they can
be extraordinary scholars.
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• The phlegmatic will have a direct and rather
scientific approach.
• The very lack of passion inherent in the
phlegmatic, which can appear to be
indifference in relationships with others, will
keep their intellectual vision from becoming
clouded
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• The phlegmatic have a degree of detachment that makes
for great minds, but does not foster warm relationships.
• They will be unlikely to offend others, and equally unlikely
to fall into the trap of judging, but will leave the others with
a sense of indifference.
• Where the sanguine role is with active involvement with
others, the phlegmatic is the translator, writer, or scientist.
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• Those of phlegmatic temperament are likely to be
stabilizing forces in any group situation.
• They will have a sense of duty and responsibility that will
be a strong influence on their actions and decisions.
• Different though they are from the sanguine, they, too,
need positive influences from the authority figures or
groups with which they associate themselves.
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The 4 Temperaments - Phlegmatic
• Where the sanguine is a conformist for the
sake of acceptance, the equally obedient
phlegmatic will be so from a sense of
obligation and respect for tradition and the
status quo.
• This can be a problem if the status quo is
false, because they will not question those
in authority.
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The 4 Temperaments - Sanguine
• The Sanguine temperament is the most common.
• Today, they are prized for their extroverted and seemingly
"happy go lucky" approach, but their lack of depth can be
a weakness in spirituality.
• Interestingly, these apparent free spirits often are most
obedient in practice, because fitting in as part of a group is
most important to them.
• Women are often sanguine, in their nurturing, personal
natures, usually very warm in their relationships
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The 4 Temperaments - Sanguine
• Sanguines need the approval and attention of others (in
fact, a spotlight often will suit them just fine), and not only
enjoy the company (and security) of a group setting but
seem to derive their energy from such interaction.
• Their general amiability makes theirs perhaps the most
attractive of temperaments, but, in serious situation, it can
be enigmatic.
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The 4 Temperaments - Sanguine
• The sanguine temperament, obedient and
adaptable though they will seem in religious life,
do not base their behavior or their conformity to
rules) on deep concepts or high ideals.
• They will go along with the popular ideas, and can
appear, to those of a more philosophical bent, as
lacking integrity.
• If what is presented as true or desirable in
January is totally changed by March, the sanguine
not only will parrot the latter views without regard
for the apparent contradiction, but will be unlikely
to realize such discrepancies even exist.
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The 4 Temperaments - Sanguine
• The sanguine is not seeking truth - he is looking
for acceptance, and that he is likely to find,
because, even if he becomes involved with a
cause or a controversial matter, he will bend with
the group's tendencies.
• At first glance, the sanguine appear to be the
most friendly of people, and, indeed, they are the
most at ease in social situations.
• Nonetheless, they remain blind to the effect their
actions or decisions may have on others.
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The 4 Temperaments - Sanguine
• Being peripheral in their relationships, they
seldom are the ones who can offer strength and
support to others - they are unreliable, not through
callousness, but because of their lack of depth.
• It would be a sanguine sort who would be puzzled
by how others could revolt at injustice - and their
response well may be something like "but the rest
of the village had to do it, too."
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The 4 Temperaments - Sanguine
• On the Religious side, those of sanguine
temperament can have a simple, childlike
faith that will appeal to those they serve.
• They will have gratitude to God for
whatever blessings they feel they have
received.
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Humoralism - 4 Temperaments
• They are likely to be faithful to any state of
life they embrace, and are likely to have a
pleasant home atmosphere, and a delight in
the simple things of life that can be very
positive for others.
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The 4 Temperaments - Melancholy
• Melancholy is the perfectionist, who notices
and often dwells on the flaws in things, and
is very neat and orderly.
• He tends to be moody, and introverted.
• When he experiences a high he may be
more outgoing, or even very creative, but if
not, he is shy and retiring.
• He is slow to make friends, but once he
makes a friend, he is a faithful one, and will
do almost anything for his friends.
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The 4 Temperaments - Melancholy
• The melancholic can be described as the
temperament that longs for heaven so that
life on this earth will always be a
disappointment.
• The depth and dedication of the
melancholic will meet or exceed that of the
choleric, but his natural caution and
slowness to embrace new courses of action
can leave him with a sense of having no
way to channel his high ideals.
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The 4 Temperaments - Melancholy
• The melancholic will base his action on
concepts often so lofty that those of other
temperaments will not comprehend the
motivation.
• His relationship with God will appear to
have the intensity and devotion of a love
affair, but his reactions themselves, not only
his ideals, will be of such duration that he
will lack resilience when his deep feelings
meet with resistance.
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The 4 Temperaments - Melancholy
• The idealism of the melancholic, so
centered in an awareness of divine power,
makes him the likely target for the devious.
• However great his intelligence, the
melancholic can become prey because if he
encounters deceit when he himself is
focused on truth and honesty, it will not
occur to him that others do not share similar
ideals.
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The 4 Temperaments - Melancholy
• The melancholic who is devout will be inclined to
seek a high degree of virtue, because union with
God will be an overwhelming focus, and it will
indeed be God alone that he seeks to please.
• Even his frequent devotion to the service of others
will be focused on ultimately pleasing the God
towards whom his devotion is passionate.
• He will naturally assume that all human behavior
is based on his own consideration of lofty
concepts.
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The 4 Temperaments - Melancholy
• It may take years for a melancholic to develop any sort of
closeness with those he meets, but, that done, he will be
your most devoted friend or your worst enemy, and either
will be "forever.”
• Once harmed personally, exposed to grave injustice, or
even seeing that, for example, those in authority have
personal gain rather than the welfare of those they rule as
their goals, his disillusionment will be strong and usually
unshaken.
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The 4 Temperaments - Melancholy
• Our profound choleric and melancholic
friends, much as their temperaments may
be respectively fire and ice, are likely to
"leave their mark" to quite an extraordinary
extent when presented with the opportunity.
• But if the choleric can find his downfall in
anger, the Melancholic's Achilles heel is
despair.
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The 4 Temperaments - Melancholy
• In a planning meeting he will often see the pitfalls and
dangers of any project, and may be a thorn in the side of
the achiever who wants to forge ahead.
• He is usually willing to sacrifice himself for a program or a
friend.
• A good number of the geniuses of this world-architects,
"artists, musicians, inventors, philosophers, educators"had a melancholy temperament.
• Perhaps a better description for the melancholy would be
"perfectionist."
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The Big 5 - Extraversion
• Extraversion (also "extroversion") is marked by
pronounced engagement with the external world.
• Extraverts enjoy being with people, are full of energy, and
often experience positive emotions.
• They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals
who are likely to say "Yes!" or "Let's go!" to opportunities
for excitement.
• In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw
attention to themselves.
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The Big 5 - Introversion
• Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and
activity levels of extraverts.
• They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate,
and less dependent on the social world.
• Their lack of social involvement should not
be interpreted as shyness or depression;
the introvert simply needs less stimulation
than an extravert and more time alone to recharge their batteries.
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MBTI: 1.
Extraversion/Introversion
• 1. Extraversion/Introversion
• Do you like to: have action, variety, talk to people,
spontaneity, be part of the crowd?
• Then you are an extravert.
• Do you like to: have things quiet, have time to think things
out, set your own standards, work alone, move with
caution or consideration?
• Then you are an introvert.
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MBTI
• Extraverts are more influenced by their
surroundings than by their own intentions.
• The extravert is the person who goes by the
influence of the external world, other
people, society, or sense perceptions.
• Jung also claims that the world in general,
particularly America, is extraverted and the
introvert has no place, because he doesn't
know that he beholds the world from within.
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MBTI
• The introvert goes by the subjective factor.
• He bases himself on the world from within
and is always afraid of the external world.
• He always has resentment.
• Jung also claimed that there is no such
thing as a pure extravert or a pure introvert
-- such a man would be in the lunatic
asylum -- they are only terms to designate a
certain penchant or a certain tendency.
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MBTI
• The tendency to be more influenced by
environmental factors, or more influenced
by the subjective factor defines the introvert
or extravert.
• The line between the two is a gray area and
depends on the circumstance at the time.
• There are people who are fairly well
balanced and are just as much influenced
from within as from without, or just as little.
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The Big 5 - Agreeableness
• Agreeableness
• Agreeableness reflects individual differences in concern
with cooperation and social harmony.
• Agreeable individuals value getting along with others.
• They are therefore considerate, friendly, generous, helpful,
and willing to compromise their interests with others’.
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The Big 5 - Conscientiousness
• Conscientiousness
• Conscientiousness concerns the way in which we control,
regulate, and direct our impulses.
• Impulses are not inherently bad; occasionally time
constraints require a snap decision, and acting on our first
impulse can be an effective response.
• Also, in times of play rather than work, acting
spontaneously and impulsively can be fun.
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MBTI: 3. Thinking/Feeling
• 3. Thinking/Feeling
• Do you like to: have things logical, black and white, fair
and just,
• straightforward and to the point? Then you are a thinking
type.
• Do you like to: decide things by your heart, take people's
feelings into consideration, predict how others would feel
about things, keep harmony and shun conflict? Then you
are a feeling type.
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MBTI: 4. Judging/Perceiving
• 4. Judging/Perceiving
• Do you like to: have a plan of action, decide things ahead
of time, have your mind made up, live by the rules, have
things come out so that the good guys win? Then you are
a judging type.
• Do you like to: handle things as they come up, go with the
flow, have a lot of irons in the fire, be exposed to new
information, be in the action and not miss anything? Then
you are a perceiving type.
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The Big 5 - Openness
• Openness to Experience
• Openness to Experience describes a
dimension of personality that distinguishes
imaginative, creative people from down-toearth, conventional people.
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MBTI - 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• Do you like to: experience things as they
happen, use your senses to take in the
environment, stick with standard problems,
stay away from new problems or issues,
keep things simple, approach things in a
down-to-earth way?
• Then you are a sensate.
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MBTI - 2. Sensate/Intuitive
• Do you like to: pay attention to patterns and
how things fit together, hidden meanings of
words or phrases, figuring out new or better
ways of doing things, not staying in the old
ruts, viewing things from a big picture level?
• Then you are an intuitive.
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The Big 5 - Neuroticism
• Neuroticism does not have an MBTI correlate.
• Neuroticism, also known inversely as Emotional
Stability, refers to the tendency to experience
negative emotions.
• Those who score high on Neuroticism may
experience primarily one specific negative feeling
such as anxiety, anger, or depression, but are
likely to experience several of these emotions.
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