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Chapter 10 Intro to Genetics Chromosome # and sets • Humans have 46 chromosomes – 2 sets of 23 • Each parent gives ____________ chromsomes • N = 1 chromosome set (23 in humans) – 1N = Haploid (gametes) – 2N = Diploid (all our other cells) Homologous Chromosomes • Same Length • Same Centromere position • Have genes that control the same traits • Get 1 from mom, 1 from dad Review • How many sets of chromosomes are necessary for life? • How many sets are necessary for human life? • Do homologous chromosomes always code for the exact same version of a trait? Sex or no Sex? • Asexual – less energy, faster, identical genetics – Mitosis or Binary Fission • Sexual – more investment, more genetic diversity – Meiosis and Fertilization Meiosis • Like mitosis, but twice in a row – Creates 4 – 1n cells instead of 2 – 2n cells – Differences in Meiosis I • Prophase I, homologues pair and crossing over occurs • Metaphase I homologues line up together • Anaphase I homologues separate, not chromatids – Differences in Meiosis II • There is no DNA replication beforehand • Starts with 2 - 2n cells; after separating centromes (chromatids) results in 4 – 1n cells Meiosis Importance of Meiosis • Creates 4 genetically VARIED haploid gametes • Crossing over in prophase I causes VARIATION • Independent assortment during metaphase leads to VARIATION – Whether you get moms or dads homologue for each of the 23 types of chromosomes • Random Fertilization = VARIATION Crossing over Genetics beginnings • Heredity = passing traits btw generations • Mendel’s story – Monk, botanist, statistician, ninja – Carefully bred pea plants Terminology • P = parental plants • F1 = first offspring • F2 = offspring of F1 etc… • Gene = characteristic • Allele = form of gene • Dominant vs. Recessive i.e. Height i.e. Tall or short Mendel’s work Mendel’s Pea Traits Genotype • The alleles of an organism – Homozygous dominant PP – Heterozygous Pp – Homozygous recessive pp Phenotype • The expressed trait – Dominant Tall • May be what genotypes? – Recessive Short Mendel’s Law of Segregation • Only 1 allele per gamete (randomly) Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment • Each homologous pair separates randomly – You don’t inherit different genes/chromosomes together – Being tall doesn’t affect if you are purple Lets Breed (Cross) Recombination • New gene combinations – Crossing Over and Independent Assortment – Creates unique chromosomes vs. parents • Variation from IA alone is 2N – N = number of chromosomes in 1 set – In humans is 2^23 = Linkage • Separate genes are inherited together if: – they are on the same chromosome (no IA) – Can they ever separate? Polyploidy • Def: Organism with 1+ extra chromosome sets – i.e. 3n human (triploid) – In animals: generally bad – Makes some plants more productive 13-1 Selective Breeding • Breed only animals with desired trait • Ex: Chihuahua, Dairy Cows Saint Bernard Rescue dog Husky Sled dog German shepherd Service dog Hybridization • Hybrids may: – Be more disease-resistant – Produce more offspring – Grow faster – Be expensive/time-consuming to make Inbreeding • Not what family reunions are meant for • Amplifies gene frequency: good or bad – Used for creating/maintaining new breeds • Is inbreeding evil? Test Crossing • Discover genotype of organism w/ dominant phenotype • Breed with homo rec. – If any offspring are rec… 10.1 Formative Questions Segments of DNA that control the production of proteins are called _______. A. chromatids B. chromosomes C. genes D. traits 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D 10.1 Formative Questions What is the term for a pair of chromosomes that have the same length, same centromere position, and carry genes that control the same traits? A. diploid B. heterozygous C. homozygous D. homologous 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D 10.1 Formative Questions How does the number of chromosomes in gametes compare with the number of chromosomes in body cells? A. B. C. D. Gametes have 1/4 the number of chromosomes. Gametes have 1/2 the number of chromosomes. 1. A Gametes have the same number of chromosomes. 2. B Gametes have twice as many chromosomes. 3. C 4. D 10.1 Formative Questions What type of organisms only reproduce asexually? A. bacteria B. protists C. plants D. simple animals 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D 10.2 Formative Questions What is the name for different forms of a single gene that are passed from generation to generation? A. alleles B. genotypes C. phenotypes D. traits 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Formative Questions Which pair of alleles is heterozygous? A. RR B. Rr C. rr D. yR 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.2 Formative Questions In rabbits, gray fur (G) is dominant to black fur (g). If a heterozygous male is crossed with a heterozygous female, what is the phenotypic ratio of the possible offspring? A. 1:1 B. 1:2:1 C. 2:1 D. 3:1 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D 10.3 Formative Questions Which explains how the shuffling of genes during meiosis results in billions of possible combinations? A. B. C. D. crossing over gene linkage genetic recombination independent segregation 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D 10.3 Formative Questions Two genes on the same chromosome may become separated during meiosis. A. true B. false 1. 2. A B 10.3 Formative Questions What is the term for an organism that has one or more sets of extra chromosomes in its cells? A. diploid B. gamete C. hybrid D. polyploid 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Sexual Reproduction and Genetics Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which symbol is used to represent the number of chromosomes in a gamete? A. # B. x C. r D. n 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Chapter Diagnostic Questions Name the person known as the father of genetics. A. Felix Mendelssohn B. Gregor Mendel C. Dr. Reginald Punnett D. Albert Einstein 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which term refers to the outward expression of an allele pair? A. gamete B. hybrid C. phenotype D. genotype 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Chapter Assessment Questions How many chromosomes would a cell have during metaphase I of meiosis if it has 12 chromosomes during interphase? A. 6 B. 12 C. 24 D. 36 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Chapter Assessment Questions Which stage of meiosis is illustrated? A. prophase I B. interphase C. anaphase I D. anaphase II 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Chapter Assessment Questions What is the next step for the chromosomes illustrated? A. Chromosomes replicate. B. Chromosomes move to opposite poles. C. Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei. D. Chromosomes line up at the equator. 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Standardized Test Practice What is this process called? A. fertilization B. gamete formation C. inheritance D. reproduction 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Standardized Test Practice Before meiosis I, the sister chromatids of this chromosome were identical. What process caused a change in a section of one chromatid? A. B. C. D. DNA replication crossing over synapsis telophase 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D Standardized Test Practice At what stage is the chromosome number reduced from 2n to n? A. B. C. D. prophase I metaphase I anaphase I meiosis II Standardized Test Practice To which step in this process does the law of segregation apply? A. B. C. D. grows into plant gamete formation fertilization seed development Standardized Test Practice For human eye color, brown is dominant and blue is recessive. If a husband is heterozygous and his wife has blue eyes, what is the probability that their child will have blue eyes? A. 0 B. 1/4 C. 1/2 D. 1 1. 2. 3. 4. A B C D