Download Biochemistry_2011

BIOCHEMISTRY
Macromolecules
- Only one type of
element
- Cannot be chemically
separated
- More than one type of
element chemically
bonded together
- Can only be
chemically separated
into elements
Glucose
CO2
Fe
Pb
H2O
H2
C6H12O6
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Compounds
that contain
carbon.
• Usually
associated
with living
(BIOTIC)
things.
C
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Compounds
that DO NOT contain
carbon.
• These are
usually linked
with non-living
(ABIOTIC)
things!
C
POLYMER
• A giant
molecule made
of many smaller
molecules
(monomers)
FOUR GROUPS
that make up
ALL LIVING THINGS:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
CARBOHYDRATES
• Examples: Sugars,
starches, cellulose
(fiber)
• FUNCTION:
break down molecules to
release energy & provide
shape
CARBOHYDRATES
• Made up of :
–Carbon
–Hydrogen
–Oxygen
CARBOHYDRATES cont.
Monomer
1. monosaccharide –
single sugar molecules
ex. glucose
CARBOHYDRATES cont.
Polymers
Disaccharides – double
sugar molecules
ex. Fructose (fruit sugar)
Polysaccharides – many
sugar molecules
ex: starch
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide
Cellulose
LIPIDS
Elements:
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
Monomer: Fatty acid,
glycerol
Polymer: 3 Fatty acids,
1 glycerol
LIPIDS
Examples: Fats, waxes,
oils, phospholipids,
steroids
FUNCTION:
• Fats & oils – long term
energy storage
ex: Whales & blubber
• Insulate & repel water
PROTEIN
• Elements…
1. CARBON
2. HYDROGEN
3. OXYGEN
4. NITROGEN
Example:
Enzymes – proteins that speed up
the rate of chemical reactions
PROTEIN
• Monomers = 1 amino acid
• Polymers = made of many
amino acids (20).
Functions:
• Build & repair tissue.
• Movement
• Structure
• Transport
• Defense
• Regulation
Protein
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Monomer = nucleotides (a 5carbon sugar + a nitrogenous base
+ a phosphate group).
• Polymer = many nucleotides
• Elements = C, H, O, N & P
Functions
• Contain genetic information-DNA
• Control the activities of cells.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Examples:
– DNA (carries the
instructions to control
the activities of a cell)
– RNA (carries the
instructions to make
proteins)
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acid
Testing for Nutrients
Benedict Test – a test for
monosaccharides; simple sugars like
glucose or fructose (fruit sugar). In
contact with monosaccharides, the
Benedict solution turns from blue to
green/orange/red.
Testing for Nutrients
Benedict Test
Testing for Nutrients
Biuret Test – uses a solution of
potassium hydroxide and copper sulfate
to test for protein. The Biuret solution
turns pink/purple when proteins are
present.
Testing for Nutrients
Biuret Test
Testing for Nutrients
Iodine – can be used to test for starch, a
polysaccharide (complex sugar).
Iodine turns dark purple in the presence
of starch.
Testing for Nutrients
Iodine Test
No Starch
Starch