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Investing
CHAPTER 13
Chapter 13 Learning Objectives
•Describe why you should establish an investment program
•Assess how safety, risk, income, growth and liquidity affect
your investment decisions
•Explain how asset allocation and different investments
alternatives affect your investment plan
•Recognize the importance of your role in a personal
investment program
•Use various sources of financial information that can
reduce risks and increase investment returns
5 Important ?’s of Investing Fundamentals
1.
How does money grow?
2. Why should I invest?
3. When should I invest?
4. What are the risks to investing?
5. What are the ways that I can invest my money?
Why establish an investment program….
 Make your money work for you!
 Establish an investment program by establishing
investment goals that are specific and measurable.

Take into consideration:
Length of goal
 Personal conditions
 Economic circumstance
 Sacrifice


Perform a financial checkup
Budget
 Cash Flow
 Net Worth
 (Refer to Chapter 3)

Cost of Waiting One Year
Preparing for an Investment Program
Objective 1: Describe why you should establish an investment
program
ESTABLISHING INVESTMENT GOALS
 Financial goals should be specific and measurable. To develop your
goals ask yourself. . .
 What will you use the money for?
 How much will you need for your goals?
 How will you obtain the money?
 How long will it take you to obtain the money?
 How much risk are you willing to assume in an investment
program?
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Preparing for an Investment Program (continued)

What possible economic or personal conditions could
alter your investment goals?

Given your economic circumstances, are your investment
goals reasonable?

Are you willing to make the sacrifices necessary to meet
your investment goals?

What will the consequences be if you don’t reach your
investment goals?
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Preparing for an Investment Program (continued)
PERFORMING A FINANCIAL CHECKUP
 Work to balance your budget
 Do you regularly spend more than you make
 Pay off high interest credit card debt first
 Start an emergency fund you can access quickly
 Three to nine months of living expenses
 Have access to other sources of cash for emergencies
 Line of credit is a short-term loan approved before the money
is needed
 Cash advance on your credit card
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Preparing for an Investment Program (continued)
GETTING THE MONEY NEEDED TO START AN INVESTMENT PROGRAM
 How badly do you want to achieve your investment goals?
 Are you willing to sacrifice some purchases to provide financing
for your investments?
 What do you value?
 Participate in elective savings programs
 Payroll deduction or electronic transfer
 Make extra effort to save one or two months each year
 Take advantage of gifts, inheritances, and windfalls
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Obtaining Money to Establish an Investment Program
Factors Affecting the
Choice of Investments
Objective 2: Assess how safety, risk, income, growth, and liquidity
affect your investment decisions

Safety and risk





Safety in any investment means minimal risk of loss
Risk means a measure of uncertainty about the outcome
Investments range from very safe to very risky
The potential return on any investment should be directly related to the
risk the investor assumes
Speculative investments are high risk

The Risk-Return Trade-Off

Diversification - Investing in a variety of securities
Complete –Risk Tolerance Quiz (Text Page 434)
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Factors Affecting the
Choice of Investments (continued)
COMPONENTS OF THE RISK FACTOR

Inflation risk - during periods of high inflation your investment return may
not keep pace with the inflation rate

Interest rate risk - you may invest in a bond at a 6%, rates later go up to
8%; your bond price falls

Business failure risk - bad management or products affect stocks and
corporate bonds and mutual funds that invest in stock

Market risk - prices fluctuate because of behaviors of investors

Global investment risk - changes in currency affect the return on your
investment
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Factors Affecting the
Choice of Investments (continued)
INVESTMENT INCOME

Safest investments – predictable income
 Savings accounts and certificates of deposit
 U.S. savings bonds
 United States treasury bills

Higher potential income investments include…
 Municipal bonds
 Corporate bonds
 Preferred stocks and income common stocks
 Income mutual funds
 Real estate rental property
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Factors Affecting the
Choice of Investments (continued)
INVESTMENT GROWTH
 Growth means investment will increase in value
 Common stock
 Growth companies pay little or no dividends, but reinvest in the
company
 Mutual funds, government and corporate bonds, and real
estate offer growth potential
 Gemstones and collectibles - more speculative
 INVESTMENT LIQUIDITY

Ability to buy or sell an investment quickly without
substantially affecting the investment’s value; e.g. Real estate is
not a very liquid investment
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Asset Allocation and Investment Alternatives
Objective 3: Explain how asset allocation and
different investment alternatives affect your
investment plan
Stock or equity financing
 Equity capital is provided by stockholders who buy shares of a
company’s stock.
 Stockholders are owners and share in the success of the
company.
 A corporation is not required to repay the money obtained from
the sale of stock.
 The corporation is under no legal obligation to pay dividends to
stockholders: they may instead retain all or part of earnings.
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Asset Allocation and Investment Alternatives (continued)
 Asset Allocation
 The process of placing your assets among several types of
investments which lessens your investment risk
 Time Factor
 The longer that you are invested the better your returns
 Your Age
 The type and style of your investments should change with
your age
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Asset Allocation and Investment Alternatives
(continued)
CORPORATE AND GOVERNMENT BONDS
 A bond is a loan to a corporation, the federal government, or
a municipality
 Bondholders receive periodic interest payments, and the
principal is repaid at maturity (1-30 years)
 Bondholders can keep the bond until maturity or sell it to
another investor before maturity
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Asset Allocation and Investment Alternatives (continued)
 MUTUAL FUNDS
 Investors’ money is pooled and invested by a professional fund
manager
 You buy shares in the fund
 Provides diversification to reduce risk
 Funds range from conservative to extremely speculative
 Match your needs with a fund’s objective
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Asset Allocation and Investment Alternatives
(continued)
REAL ESTATE
 The goal of a real estate investment is to buy a property and sell it at a
profit. Nationally, 3% appreciation in price a year is average.
 Location, location, location is important.
 Before you buy real estate...






Is the property priced competitively?
What type, if any, of financing is available?
How much are the taxes?
What is the condition of the buildings and houses in the immediate
area?
Why are the present owners selling?
Could the property decrease in value?
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Asset Allocation and Investment Alternatives
(continued)
OTHER SPECULATIVE INVESTMENTS
 Speculative investments
 A speculative investment is a high-risk investment made in the
hope of earning a relatively large profit in a short time Typical
speculative investments include:
 Antiques and collectibles
 Call and put options
 Derivatives
 Commodities
 Coins and stamps
 Precious metals and gemstones
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A Personal Plan for Investing
 Establish realistic goals
 Determine the amount of money needed to meet your
goals
 Specify the amount of money available to fund your
investments
 List different investments you want to evaluate
 Evaluate risk and potential return for each
 Reduce possible investments to a reasonable number
 Choose at least two different investments
 Continue to evaluate your investment program
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Factors that Reduce Investment Risk
Objective 4: Recognize the importance of your role
in a personal investment program
YOUR ROLE IN THE INVESTMENT PROCESS

Evaluate potential investments

Seek the assistance of a financial planner

Monitor the value of your investments

Keep accurate and current records

Consider the tax consequences of selling your investments
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Factors Affecting the Choice of Investments
 Investopedia.com video
 Investment Pyramid (Page 439)
Factors Affecting the Choice of Investments
Factors to Be Evaluated - Page 443
Sources of Investment Information
Objective 5: Use the various sources of financial
information that can reduce risks and increase the
investment returns


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The Internet
 A wealth of investment information is available
 View sites such as www.fool.com and www.money.cnn.com
Newspapers and news programs
Business periodicals such as Smart Money and government
publications
Corporate Reports
Investor services and newsletters, such as ValueLine or Morningstar
and financial calculators
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Pennies Make Dollars
 PAY Yourself 1st
 Enforce the 80 – 20 plan of savings
 Take into consideration making a sacrifice today for
wealth tomorrow
 The

Earl Crawly Story
Start Early – START NOW!
 Financial
impact of giving up one soft drink daily
Calculate the Rate of Return
 The total income you receive on an investment over a
specific period of time divided by the original amount.
 Steps:
1.
2.
3.
Subtract the investment’s initial value from the
investment’s value at the end of the year.
Add annual income to the amount calculated in Step 1.
Divide the total dollar amount of return calculated in
Step 2 by the original investment.
Example Rate of Return Page 432
 Assume that at the beginning of the year, you purchased
an investment for $3,000 that pays you $50 annual
income. Also assume the investment’s value has
increased to $3,275 by the end of the year.
1. Subtract the investment’s initial value from the
investment’s value at the end of the year.
$3,275 - $3,000= $275
2. Add annual income to the amount calculated in Step 1.
$275 + 50 = $325
3. Divide the total dollar amount of return calculated in Step 2
by the original investment.
$325/$3,000=10.8%
Your Rate of Return is: a Positive 10.8%