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Molecular Basis for Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype genotype DNA DNA sequence transcription RNA translation protein function phenotype organism amino acid sequence Mutation: Levels of Hereditary Change Gene (Point) Mutation: One allele changes to a different allele. Effects are limited to that locus. Chromosome Mutation: Changes occur at the chromosome level. Multi-locus effects are not unusual. Types of Chromosome Mutations Changes in Chromosome Number I. Classes A. B. II. Euploidy A. B. C. III. Aberrant Euploidy Aneuploidy Monoploid (x): chromosome number in a basic set Euploidy: multiples of monoploid number Polyploid: euploid with > two sets of chromosomes Examples of Polyploidy A. Autopolyploidy : multiple chromosome sets from one species B. Allopolyploidy: chromosome sets from different species Meiotic Pairing in Triploids Colchicine Induces Polyploidy Chromosome Pairing in an Autotetraploid Origin of the Amphidiploid Raphanobrassica Origin of Three Allopolyploid Species of Brassica Polyploidy in Animals Parthenogenesis - development of unfertilized egg into embryo polyploidy in leeches, flatworms, brine shrimp polyploidy in salamanders, lizards Polyploid frogs and toads undergo sexual reproduction. Polyploid fish (such as salmon, trout) are not unusual. Triploid oysters are of economic value. In general, polyploid mammals are not viable.