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Enzymes 9/30/15 Regents Biology ACT Regents Biology Brain Teaser It can’t be touched, but can be felt. It can’t be opened, but can be gone into. Those who seek it always find it under something, yet it moves from place to place Regents Biology Objectives Students will: Identify the effects of enzymes Given a set of procedures and materials, students will construct a model of how enzymes interact with other molecules in the body. Regents Biology Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology 2009-2010 Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions Regents Biology Our bodies are continuously: building molecules + synthesis breaking down molecules digestion Regents Biology + Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes? all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work enzymes speed up chemical reactions enzyme “catalysts” building molecules We can’t live without enzymes! synthesis enzymes breaking down molecules + enzyme digestive enzymes + Regents Biology Why do we need to speed up reactions? Because our bodies would never get the nutrients they need in time without enzymes. Our bodies are too slow to process chemical reactions without enzymes. Catalyst – speeds up chemical reactions without actually being involved in the reaction Regents Biology Examples synthesis + enzyme digestion enzyme Regents Biology + Regents Biology Enzymes are proteins There’s an enzyme for that each enzyme needs to be the right shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction they help sucrase breaks down sucrose Oh, I get it! They end in -ase protase breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA Regents Biology Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction used only temporarily re-used again for the same reaction with other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many reactions substrate active site Regents Biology product enzyme It’s shape that matters! Lock & Key model shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit specific enzyme for each specific reaction Regents Biology 2 1 3 Regents Biology Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme helper protein molecule Substrate molecule that enzymes work on Products what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into Regents Biology Enzyme vocabulary Catalyst Substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction without being in the reaction itself. Chemical reaction Combination of two or more elements chemically Activation energy Minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction Denatured Irreversibly changing the shape of a protein Regents Biology What affects enzyme action The SHAPE of the enzyme Correct protein structure (order of amino acids) Temperature pH (acids & bases) Regents Biology Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! chain of amino acids DNA folded protein right shape! folded protein chain of amino acids DNA Regents Biology wrong shape! Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity Optimum temperature greatest number of collisions between enzyme & substrate human enzymes 35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) Raise temperature (boiling) denature protein = unfold = lose shape Lower temperature T° molecules move slower fewer collisions between enzyme & Regents Biology substrate Denatured – permanently changed shape and not re-usable Regents Biology Temperature reaction rate human enzymes 37° temperature Regents Biology What’s happening here?! How do cold-blooded creatures do it? Regents Biology pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity changes in pH changes protein shape most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8 Regents Biology pH intestines trypsin What’s happening here?! reaction rate stomach pepsin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH Regents Biology 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE! Regents Biology 2009-2010 Role of Enzymes Regents Biology Let’s build some Enzyme Models! Regents Biology 2009-2010 First define the vocabulary Catalyst Substance that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction without being in the reaction itself. Chemical reaction Combination of two or more elements chemically Activation energy Minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction Denatured Irreversibly changing the shape of a protein Regents Biology vocabulary Enzyme helper protein molecule Substrate molecule that enzymes work on Products what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction Active site part of enzyme that substrate molecule fits into Regents Biology Then color the shapes Enzyme = PINK Triangular Substrate = PURPLE Square Substrate 1 = YELLOW Square Substrate 2 = BLUE Product 1 = BLUE Product 2 = RED Rectangular Product = GREEN Regents Biology Your cut-out paper Has parts for BOTH part B and C. Part B – triangular shaped pieces Part C – square and rectangular shaped pieces Regents Biology Follow instructions for Parts B & C 1. Cut out your pieces. 2. Organize the cut-outs on construction 3. 4. 5. paper according to the equation. Glue them. Label them. Explain below what happened. Use as many vocabulary words from Part A as possible. Regents Biology Create your graph – Part D Use the data to draw a graph. Answer the questions using as many of the vocabulary words in Part A as possible. Regents Biology