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Transcript
Lecture 16 Cellular Cooperation and Antigen Recognition Cellular Cooperation antigen TH B Antigen presentation to T and B cells by APC Antigen presenting cell T cells elaborate cytokines to facilitate B cell proliferation and maturation Plasma Cells Antibody secretion by plasma cells Antigen Presenting Cells Must be capable of processing antigen from extracellular and intracellular pathogens Must present processed antigen on MHC class I & II molecules Must express co-stimulatory molecules (cytokines) Types of Professional Antigen Presenting Cells Macrophages/monocytes Dendritic cells (e.g.., Langerhan’s cells) B cells Properties of Professional AntigenPresenting Cells Cellular Cooperation and Antigen Recognition + APC Extracellular Antigen Class II MHCassociated antigen CD4+ Helper T Lymphocyte The Role of Adjuvants Depot effect Macrophage activation antigen persists for long period resistance to rapid degradation production of non-specific enhancing factors Non-specific T cell signal provides "second" signal to B cell normally provided by T cell Types of Adjuvants Freund's Complete Adjuvant (Water-in-oil emulsion) Aluminum Hydroxide Gel Microbial Adjuvants mineral oil emulsifying agent microbial preparation (eg. heat-killed extract of Mycobacterium tuberculosis) aqueous phase containing antigen C. parvum BCG Peptides and Synthetic Polymers Effector Mechanisms Mechanisms that are used by the immune system to eliminate pathogens (or other substances) from the body Cellular effector mechanisms Activated T cells Natural killer cells Humoral effector mechanisms (antibody) Neutralization Opsonization Complement activation Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) Effector Activity Against Pathogens Cytokines Polypeptides produced by a variety of cell types including T lymphocytes. Cytokine production is triggered by specific receptor binding and subsequent signal transduction pathways Cytokine repertoire is dependent on cell type triggered, receptors present on that cell type. Cytokines act on cells that possess receptors for them. Lymphocyte Migration, Activation, and Effector Function Depends on Cell-Adhesion Molecules A variety of cell surface polypeptides serve as receptors to ensure appropriate cell-cell interactions. These polypeptide include: Selectins Integrins Immunoglobulin Superfamily Mucin-like Vascular Addressins T-cell Mediated Cytotoxicity Necrosis Programmed cell death or apoptosis Summary Effector cells and antibodies play critical roles in almost all adaptive immune responses Antigen-presenting cells play critical role in processing and presenting antigen to T cells Cytokines are released by a variety of cell types and regulate a variety of biological effects T-cell mediated cell death is largely via apoptosis