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Transcript
Church Reform and the Crusades The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades against Muslims. The Age of Faith • Spiritual Revival – Starting in the 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival – Reformers help restore and expand Church power Coat of Arms of Cluny Abbey: "Gules two keys in saltire the wards upwards and outwards or overall a sword in pale argent". Founded in 910, this is the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny as it looked in 2004. Problems in the Church • • • • Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects Some officials practice simony—selling religious offices Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops Reform and Church Organization • • • Starting in the 1100s, popes reorganize the Church like a kingdom Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick or poor “Peasants paying tithes” (17th century) school of Pieter Brueghel the Younger New Religious Orders • • • Dominican and Franciscan orders form Friars in these orders vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor Some new orders for women are founded Portrait of a Carmelite friar, about 1610, by Peter Paul Rubens Cathedrals—Cities of God • • • Early Cathedrals Between 8001100, churches are built in Romanesque style Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches A New Style of Church Architecture • • • • Gothic style evolves around 1100; term from Germanic tribe, Goths Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches Churches have stained glass windows, many sculptures About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270 Gothic Architecture The master builders in France, where the Gothic style originated, developed techniques of structural engineering that were key to Gothic architecture: 1. 2. 3. 4. ribbed vaults that supported the roof’s weight flying buttresses that transferred weight to thick, exterior walls pointed arches that framed huge stained glass windows tall spires that seemed to be pointing to heaven Traditional Church Floor Plan “Liturgical East” Source: (http://www.hope.evangelical-lutheran.ca/glossary.htm) a website explaining church architecture. Typical “Chancel” Layout Notice that the “apse” is “fenced off” by a communion rail. Only the clergy attending the altar or table are allowed past this point. The sacrament is dispensed only through the clergy bringing it to the rail. “Liturgical East” Source: (http://www.hope.evangelical-lutheran.ca/glossary.htm) a website explaining church architecture. Exit Slips Take out a slip of paper and answer the following question. Turn this in as you leave class. What were the three main causes of the need to reform the Church? What are the dangers and rewards of going on a Crusade? You are a squire in England. The knight you serve has decided to join a Christian Crusade (a holy war) to capture the city of Jerusalem from the Muslims. He has given you the choice of joining or staying home to look after his family and manor. On an earlier Crusade, the knight and his friends looted towns and manors, taking jewels and precious objects. But some of the knights were also held for ransom, robbed, and murdered. You are torn between the desire for adventure and possible riches that you might find on the Crusade, and fear of the hazards that await you on such a dangerous journey. The Crusades: The Beginning • • Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos who asked Pope Urban II for help (left) In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Turks Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war” Artistic depiction of Pope Urban II preaching the First Crusade (right) Goals of the Crusades • • • • Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity Kings use Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting (although historian Rodney Stark in God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades disagrees with that theory because the first three crusades were led by the heads of the royal families of Europe). Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade. First Crusade: 1096-1099 • • • • Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097 Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states Second Crusade: 1147-1148 • • Left: an artistic representation of Saladin Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second crusade fails to retake it In 1187, Saladin— Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior— retakes Jerusalem Right: Saladin the Victorious by Gustave Dore The Third Crusade: 1189-1192 • The Third Crusade was led by three powerful rulers Richard I of England—”The Lion-Hearted” Phillip II of France Frederick I “Barbarossa” of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 • • One is Richard the LionHearted—king of England The Robin Hood stories and legends often surround Richard I returning from the Third Crusade. 19th-century portrait of Richard by Merry-Joseph Blondel The Third Crusade: 1189-1192 • • Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard The argument was over Richard breaking off an engagement with Phillip’s sister. The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 • Frederick I of Germany (Holy Roman Empire) drowns during the journey Right: A depiction of Frederick I drowning in the Saleph River in Turkey from the Saxon Chronicle. The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 • • In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter the city The Crusading Spirit Dwindles: The Later Crusades • • Fourth Crusade (1200-1204) – Crusaders sack the Christian city Zara and are excommunicated by the pope for it. – The Venetian leadership keeps their excommunication a secret. Then Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204 Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken the Muslims Looting of Constantinople, painting by Eugene Delacroix, 1840 The Children’s Crusade • • The traditional story says that in 1212 thousands of children possibly die or are enslaved in a failed crusade. But these stories are surrounded by legend and fiction. The fact that this really happened is disputed. The Children’s Crusade by Gustave Doré • This event may very well merely be a legend embellished over time. The Children’s Crusade • • • • In the first movement, thousands of children set out to conquer Jerusalem. An estimated 30,000 children under 18 were part of the group. The children were not armed, they simply believed that God would give them Jerusalem. Many died from starvation, cold, drowning, or sold into slavery. The second movement had close to 20,000 children and young adults. They marched from Germany towards Rome and many died crossing the Alps. The ones that did make it to Rome were told by the Pope to go home. Only 2,000 of the children returned home. A Spanish Crusade • • • Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people Christians fight Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100-1492 Spain has Inquisition— court to suppress heresy; expels nonChristians Inquisition scene of people accused of heresy being tortured. The Effects of the Crusades • • • • • Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians