Download Church Reform and the Crusades

Church Reform and the Crusades
The Catholic Church
underwent reform and
launched Crusades against
Muslims.
The Age of Faith
•
Spiritual Revival
–
Starting in the 900s,
monasteries help
bring about a
spiritual revival
–
Reformers help
restore and expand
Church power
Coat of Arms of Cluny Abbey: "Gules two
keys in saltire the wards upwards and
outwards or overall a sword in pale argent".
Founded in 910, this is the Benedictine Abbey of
Cluny as it looked in 2004.
Problems in the Church
•
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Some Church officials marry
even though the Church
objects
Some officials practice
simony—selling religious
offices
Kings use lay investiture to
appoint bishops
Reformers believe only the
Church should appoint
bishops
Reform and Church Organization
•
•
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Starting in the 1100s,
popes reorganize the
Church like a kingdom
Pope’s advisors make
Church laws; diplomats
travel throughout
Europe
Church collects tithes;
uses money to care for
sick or poor
“Peasants paying tithes” (17th century)
school of Pieter Brueghel the Younger
New Religious Orders
•
•
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Dominican and
Franciscan orders
form
Friars in these orders
vow poverty; travel
and preach to the
poor
Some new orders for
women are founded
Portrait of a Carmelite friar, about
1610, by Peter Paul Rubens
Cathedrals—Cities of God
•
•
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Early Cathedrals
Between 8001100, churches
are built in
Romanesque
style
Style includes
thick walls and
pillars, small
windows, round
arches
A New Style of Church Architecture
•
•
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Gothic style evolves around 1100; term from
Germanic tribe, Goths
Gothic style has large, tall windows for more
light; pointed arches
Churches have stained glass windows, many
sculptures
About 500 Gothic churches are built from
1170 to 1270
Gothic Architecture
The master builders in
France, where the Gothic
style originated, developed
techniques of structural
engineering that were key to
Gothic architecture:
1.
2.
3.
4.
ribbed vaults that
supported the roof’s
weight
flying buttresses that
transferred weight to
thick, exterior walls
pointed arches that
framed huge stained
glass windows
tall spires that seemed
to be pointing to heaven
Traditional Church Floor Plan
“Liturgical East”
Source: (http://www.hope.evangelical-lutheran.ca/glossary.htm) a website explaining church architecture.
Typical “Chancel” Layout
Notice that the “apse” is
“fenced off” by a communion
rail. Only the clergy attending
the altar or table are allowed
past this point. The sacrament
is dispensed only through the
clergy bringing it to the rail.
“Liturgical East”
Source: (http://www.hope.evangelical-lutheran.ca/glossary.htm) a website explaining church architecture.
Exit Slips
Take out a slip of paper and answer the following
question. Turn this in as you leave class.
What were the three main causes of the
need to reform the Church?
What are the dangers and rewards of
going on a Crusade?
You are a squire in England. The knight you
serve has decided to join a Christian
Crusade (a holy war) to capture the city of
Jerusalem from the Muslims. He has given
you the choice of joining or staying home
to look after his family and manor. On an
earlier Crusade, the knight and his friends
looted towns and manors, taking jewels
and precious objects. But some of the
knights were also held for ransom, robbed,
and murdered. You are torn between the
desire for adventure and possible riches
that you might find on the Crusade, and
fear of the hazards that await you on such
a dangerous journey.
The Crusades: The Beginning
•
•
Byzantine Emperor
Alexios I Komnenos
who asked Pope Urban
II for help (left)
In 1093,
Byzantine
emperor asks
for help fighting
the Turks
Pope Urban II
issues a call for
a Crusade—a
“holy war”
Artistic depiction of Pope
Urban II preaching the
First Crusade (right)
Goals of the Crusades
•
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Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity
Kings use Crusades to send away knights who cause
trouble
Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting
(although historian Rodney Stark in God’s Battalions: The
Case for the Crusades disagrees with that theory because
the first three crusades were led by the heads of the
royal families of Europe).
Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth
through trade.
First Crusade: 1096-1099
•
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Pope promises Crusaders
who die a place in heaven
First Crusade: three armies
gather at Constantinople in
1097
Crusaders capture
Jerusalem in 1099
Captured lands along coast
divided into four Crusader
states
Second Crusade: 1147-1148
•
•
Left: an artistic
representation of
Saladin
Muslims take back
Edessa in 1144;
Second crusade fails
to retake it
In 1187, Saladin—
Muslim leader and
Kurdish warrior—
retakes Jerusalem
Right: Saladin
the Victorious by
Gustave Dore
The Third Crusade: 1189-1192
•
The Third Crusade was led by three powerful
rulers
Richard I of England—”The
Lion-Hearted”
Phillip II of France
Frederick I “Barbarossa” of
the Holy Roman Empire
(Germany)
The Third Crusade : 1189-1192
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One is Richard
the LionHearted—king
of England
The Robin
Hood stories
and legends
often surround
Richard I
returning from
the Third
Crusade.
19th-century
portrait of Richard
by Merry-Joseph
Blondel
The Third Crusade: 1189-1192
•
•
Phillip II of France
abandons
Crusade after
arguing with
Richard
The argument
was over Richard
breaking off an
engagement with
Phillip’s sister.
The Third Crusade : 1189-1192
•
Frederick I of
Germany (Holy
Roman Empire)
drowns during
the journey
Right: A depiction of
Frederick I drowning in the
Saleph River in Turkey
from the Saxon Chronicle.
The Third Crusade : 1189-1192
•
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In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after
many battles
Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian
pilgrims to enter the city
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles:
The Later Crusades
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Fourth Crusade (1200-1204)
–
Crusaders sack the Christian
city Zara and are
excommunicated by the pope
for it.
–
The Venetian leadership keeps
their excommunication a
secret. Then Crusaders sack
Constantinople in 1204
Two other Crusades strike Egypt,
but fail to weaken the Muslims
Looting of Constantinople, painting
by Eugene Delacroix, 1840
The Children’s Crusade
•
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The traditional story says
that in 1212 thousands of
children possibly die or
are enslaved in a failed
crusade.
But these stories are
surrounded by legend and
fiction. The fact that this
really happened is
disputed.
The Children’s Crusade by
Gustave Doré
•
This event may very well
merely be a legend
embellished over time.
The Children’s Crusade
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In the first movement, thousands of children set out to
conquer Jerusalem. An estimated 30,000 children under 18
were part of the group.
The children were not armed, they simply believed that God
would give them Jerusalem. Many died from starvation, cold,
drowning, or sold into slavery.
The second movement had close to 20,000 children and
young adults. They marched from Germany towards Rome
and many died crossing the Alps.
The ones that did make it to Rome were told by the Pope to
go home. Only 2,000 of the children returned home.
A Spanish Crusade
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Most of Spain
controlled by Moors, a
Muslim people
Christians fight
Reconquista—drive
Muslims from Spain,
1100-1492
Spain has Inquisition—
court to suppress
heresy; expels nonChristians
Inquisition scene of people accused of
heresy being tortured.
The Effects of the Crusades
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Crusades show power of Church in convincing
thousands to fight
Women who stay home manage the estate and
business affairs
Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods
from Southwest Asia
Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles,
strengthens kings
Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims
and Christians