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2. Animal Cells 1. The table below refers to three organelles commonly found in eukaryotic cells. Complete the table by writing the name of the organelle, its description or one function, as appropriate, in each of the five boxes provided. Name of organelle Description One function Golgi apparatus Cylindrical organelles made up of microtubules Involved in spindle Organisation during cell division in animal cells Rod-shaped structures with a double membrane, the inner one folded to form cristae (Total 5 marks) 2. (a) Draw and label a diagram to show the structure of the Golgi apparatus as seen using an electron microscope. (3) AS Unit 2 Development Plants and the Environment: Topic 3: The voice of the genome 1 2. Animal Cells (b) The process of protein synthesis in cells and the secretion of proteins from the cells was investigated using radioactively labelled amino acids. The cells were incubated with radioactive amino acids for 30 minutes. The cells were then removed and washed thoroughly to remove any radioactive amino acids on the cell surfaces. The washed cells were then incubated with non-radioactive amino acids for 120 minutes. Every 20 minutes a sample of cells was removed and the level of radioactivity in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the secretory vesicles was determined. The graph below shows the levels of radioactivity in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the secretory vesicles. 80 Secretory vesicles 70 60 50 Level of radioactivity / arbitrary 40 units 30 Rough endoplasmic reticulum 20 10 0 0 (i) 20 40 60 80 Incubation time / min 100 120 Describe and explain the changes in the level of radioactivity in the rough endoplasmic reticulum during the first 40 minutes of the incubation period. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (2) AS Unit 2 Development Plants and the Environment: Topic 3: The voice of the genome 2 2. Animal Cells (ii) Explain the shape of the curve for the secretory vesicles between 0 and 40 minutes. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... (3) (Total 8 marks) 3. (a) Identify the organelles (structures inside a cell) which fit the descriptions given in the table below. The first one has been done for you. Description i Where photosynthesis takes place and carbon dioxide is converted into sugar ii Where aerobic respiration takes place iii Where amino acids are joined together to form proteins iv Packages proteins into vesicles so that they can be released from the cell by exocytosis v A large space inside a plant cell surrounded by a tonoplast and helping to maintain cell turgidity vi Divides and organises a spindle in an animal cell as it starts to undergo mitosis Name of organelle chloroplast (5) (b) Describe the structure of pits in plant cells and explain their function. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (2) AS Unit 2 Development Plants and the Environment: Topic 3: The voice of the genome 3 2. Animal Cells (c) Give two ways in which the structure of a prokaryotic cell differs from a eukaryotic cell. 1 .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... 2 .................................................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 9 marks) 4. (a) The diagram below shows a view through a typical animal cell. The table below lists three organelles. Put a cross in the box to match each organelle with the correct letter shown on the diagram. Organelle A B C D E Rough endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Golgi apparatus (3) (b) For some time after the Golgi apparatus was identified, there was doubt as to whether it was a new and separate organelle. Explain how the Golgi apparatus could be confused with other organelles within a cell. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... (3) AS Unit 2 Development Plants and the Environment: Topic 3: The voice of the genome 4 2. Animal Cells (c) In an experiment to investigate the role of organelles in protein transport, cells were given radioactively-labelled amino acids for a fixed period of time. The percentage of the radioactivity found in four different organelles was then measured at different time intervals. The table below shows the results. Time after adding radioactively-labelled amino acid / min (i) Radioactivity present / % Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicles Mitochondria 4 67 27 1 3 6 53 39 2 1 20 11 73 10 3 240 11 10 73 2 The data provide evidence that the Golgi apparatus is a separate organelle. Suggest an explanation for this. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) (ii) Explain how the data provide evidence for the sequence of events in the process of protein transport in these cells. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (4) AS Unit 2 Development Plants and the Environment: Topic 3: The voice of the genome 5 2. Animal Cells (iii) Suggest one reason for the presence of some radioactivity detected in the mitochondria. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 13 marks) 5. The photograph below shows a section through a mitochondrion as seen using an electron microscope. A C B Prof. R. Bellairs/Wellcome Photo Library (a) Name the parts labelled A, B and C. A ................................................................................................................................ B ................................................................................................................................ C ................................................................................................................................ (3) (b) Describe the role of mitochondria. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... (2) (Total 5 marks) AS Unit 2 Development Plants and the Environment: Topic 3: The voice of the genome 6