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Political Islam Islamism Fundamentals Islam (history) Caliphate Culture Economics Politics Secularism Concepts Human rights Ijma Jihad Khilafah Sharia Shura Ummah Manifestations Islamism Islamization (of knowledge) Gender segregation Modernity (Islamic Modernism) Islamic forms of Democracy Fundamentalism Liberalism Nationalism Revivalism Movements Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan Muslim Brotherhood Hizb-ut-Tahrir Iranian Revolution Islam Hadhari Salafism Taliban Hamas Islamic State (IS/ISIL/ISIS) Islamic democratic political parties Key texts Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (Iqbal 1930s) Principles of State and Government (Asad 1961) Ma'alim fi al-Tariq ("Milestones") (Qutb 1965) Islamic Government (Khomeini 1970) Politics portal v t e Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Confederation Federation Hegemony Empire Unitary state Power source Authoritarianism Autocracy Despotism Dictatorship Totalitarianism Democracy Direct Representative others Monarchy Absolute Constitutional Oligarchy Aristocracy Military junta Plutocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Other Anarchy Anocracy Kritarchy Particracy Republic Theocracy Politics portal v t e A caliphate (in Arabic: ةفالخkhilāfa, meaning "succession") is an Islamic state led by a supreme religious and political leader known as a caliph – i.e. "successor" – to Muhammad. The succession of Muslim empires that have existed in the Muslim world are usually described as "caliphates". Conceptually, a caliphate represents a sovereign state of the entire Muslim faithful, or the Ummah. In its earliest days, the first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, exhibited elements of direct democracy (shura).[1] It was led, at first, by Muhammad's immediate disciples and family as a continuation of the religious systems he had introduced. The Sunni branch of Islam stipulates that as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives.[2] Followers of Shia Islam, however, believe a caliph should be an Imam chosen by God (Allah) from the Ahl al-Bayt (the "Family of the House", Muhammad's direct descendents). From the end of the Rashidun period until 1924, caliphates, sometimes more than one at a single time, real and illusory, were ruled by dynasties. The first of these was the Umayyad dynasty, followed by the several other sometimes competing claimants and finally the Ottoman dynasty. In 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria declared itself a caliphate and announced Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its caliph.[3] Contents [hide] 1 History o 1.1 Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) o 1.2 Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) o 1.3 Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517) 1.3.1 Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad (750–1258) 1.3.2 Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo (1261–1517) o 1.4 Parallel Caliphates 1.4.1 Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) 1.4.2 Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031) 1.4.3 Almohad Caliphate (1147–1269) o 1.5 Ottoman Caliphate (1453–1924) o 1.6 Abolition of the Caliphate (1924) o 1.7 Modern History 1.7.1 Sokoto (1804–1903) 1.7.2 Ahmadiyya (1908–present) 1.7.3 Khilafat Movement (1920) 1.7.4 Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1925) 1.7.5 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2014) 1.7.6 Prophesied Caliphate of the Mahdî 2 Religious basis o 2.1 Qur'an o 2.2 Hadith o 2.3 The Sahaba of Muhammad o 2.4 Sayings of Islamic scholars 3 Period of dormancy o o o o 3.1 Ahmadiyya view 3.2 Islamic call 3.3 al-Qaeda's Caliphate goals 3.4 Opposition 4 Government o 4.1 Electing or appointing a Caliph o 4.2 Sunni belief o 4.3 Shi'a belief o 4.4 Majlis al-Shura (parliament) o 4.5 Accountability of rulers o 4.6 Rule of law o 4.7 Economy 5 Difference between caliphate and democracy o 5.1 Source of legislation o 5.2 Selection of the leader 6 Famous caliphs 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History[edit] The caliph was often known as Amir al-Mu'minin (Arabic: نرمم ؤملا ريمأ "Commander of the Believers"). Muhammad established his capital in Medina; after he died, it remained the capital during the Rashidun period, before Al-Kufa was reportedly made the capital by Caliph `Ali ibn Abi Talib. At times in Muslim history there have been rival claimant caliphs in different parts of the Islamic world, and divisions between the Shi'a and Sunni communities. According to Sunni Muslims, the first caliph to be called Amir al-Mu'minin was Abu Bakr Siddique, followed by `Umar ibn al-Khattāb, the second of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. `Uthman ibn Affan and `Ali ibn Abi Talib also were called by the same title, while the Shi'a consider Ali to have been the only truly legitimate caliph, of these four men.[4] After the first four caliphs, the Caliphate was claimed by dynasties such as the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, and for relatively short periods by other, competing dynasties in al-Andalus, North Africa, and Egypt. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk officially abolished the system of Caliphate in Islam (the Ottoman Empire) and founded the Republic of Turkey, in 1923. The Kings of Morocco still label themselves with the title Amir al-Mu'minin for the Moroccans, but lay no claim to the Caliphate. Some Muslim countries, including Somalia, Indonesia and Malaysia, were never subject to the authority of a Caliphate, with the exception of Aceh, which briefly acknowledged Ottoman suzerainty.[5] Consequently these countries had their own, local, sultans or rulers who did not fully accept the authority of the Caliph. Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)[edit] Main articles: Rashidun and Rashidun Caliphate See also: Muslim conquests and Succession to Muhammad Rashidun Caliphate at its greatest extent, under Caliph Uthman's rule Abu Bakr Siddique, the first successor of Muhammad, nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed. Umar ibn Khattab, the second caliph, was killed by a Persian named Piruz Nahavandi. His successor, Uthman Ibn Affan, was elected by a council of electors (Majlis). Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group. Ali then took control but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt, and later by some of his own guard. He faced two major rebellions and was assassinated by Abdl-alRahman, a Kharijite. Ali's tumultuous rule lasted only five years. This