Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ch 5 ppt
Document related concepts
Structural history of the Roman military wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Alpine regiments of the Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Slovakia in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
History of the Roman Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
5 The World of the Romans The Pre-Roman World The Geography of Rome ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ancient Italy and the City of Rome Italy in 750 BCE Emergence of Rome Importance of geography in the development of Rome Apennine Mountains Agricultural areas Location of the City of Rome on the Tiber River Early Rome, 753-509 B.C.E. Romulus and Remus, 753 B.C.E. Etruscans • First road, the Sacred Way, constructed before 575 B.C.E. • Etruscan monarchy overthrown, 509 B.C.E. The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus Roman Republic The Roman Conquest of Italy By 340 B.C.E. Rome had defeated the Latin states of Latium Greeks had colonized southern Italy between 750 and 550 B.C.E. The Roman Confederation The Roman State Offices and institutions The Struggle of the Orders: Social Divisions in the Roman Republic Struggle between patricians and plebeians Assembly of Plebeians. The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Roman Conquest Rome Expands Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264-133 B.C.E.) Punic Wars First Punic War, 264-241 B.C.E. • Carthage has to surrender Sicily • Sicily becomes Roman province Second Punic War, 218-201 B.C.E. • Hannibal attacked Rome • Carthage loses Spain • Rome becomes the dominant power in the western Mediterranean Sea Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C.E. • Carthage completely defeated • Carthage becomes the Roman province of Africa The Eastern Mediterranean Roman Imperialism Stages of expansion Changing motives and tactics Carthaginian Empire ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Remains of Carthage The Roman Forum Rome’s Early Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.) Growing Unrest and a New Role for the Roman Army Latifundia contribute to the decline of small farms Reform: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus Politics and the Army: Marius and Sulla Collapse of the Republic First Century B.C.E. had two characteristics: • Jostling for power by powerful individuals • Civil wars that were caused by the desire for power Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar • First Triumvirate • Basic Aims Competition for power after the death of Crassus in 53 B.C.E. Civil war between Antony and Octavian (grandnephew of Julius Caesar) • Battle of Actium, 31 B.C.E., Antony defeated and Octavian rules the Roman world Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Expansion of Roman Territories to 100 C.E. Age of Augustus (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) Augustus given title of imperator (commander-in-chief) by the senate Army Standing army of 28 legions; 150,000 men Auxiliaries, 130,000 men who were non-citizens Praetorian Guard of elite troops; 9,000 men Governing the provinces Senate governed some provinces and some were given to the emperor Augustus could overrule the senatorial governors and establish his own policies Stabilization of the frontiers Augustus conquered the central and maritime Alps and then expanded control of the Balkan peninsula up to the Danube Failure in Germany where three legions were massacred in 9 C.E. Augustan society Social stratification Growing power of the equestrian order The Roman Empire from Augustus to Trajan (14 – 117) The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE The Early Empire (14-180) Five Good Emperors (96-180) Pax Romana Capable men adopted as successors Public work projects Frontiers and Provinces Rome withdrew from some areas Built defensive fortifications along frontier lines Finally all free inhabitants became a citizens Greco-Roman world: Latin in the west, Greek in the east Cities and towns spread culture and law ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Products of the Roman Empire, c. 200 C.E. Trade, Industry, and Farming Prosperity Extensive trade -- food and luxury goods Agriculture the primary occupation Gulf between rich and poor Upper classes needed to be supported by agricultural surplus Culture and Society in the Roman World Roman Literature Roman Art Catullus (c. 87-54 B.C.E.) • Poetry to express emotions Virgil (70-19 B.C.E.), Aeneid • Virtues of duty, piety, and faithfulness Copy Greek statues Architecture: Arch, vault, and dome Construction: Baths, roads aqueducts, and bridges Roman Law Twelve Tables, 450 B.C.E. Civil law – applied to all Roman Citizens Law of nations – applied to both Romans and foreigners Law of nature – universal law based on reason Roman family Paterfamilias Arranged marriages for daughters Some educated their daughters Paterfamilias no longer dominant by 2nd century C.E. Upper-class women had much freedom and independence in the Early Empire Slaves and Their Masters Residential slaves: household help, tutors Farm slaves: many times worked to death Construction: used to build roads, aqueducts, other public structures Slave revolts Revolts in Sicily at the end of the 2nd century B.C.E. Spartacus, 73 B.C.E. 70,000 slave followers Crushed in 71 B.C.E., 6,000 crucified ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Imperial Rome Imperial Rome Population of nearly 1 million Enormous gulf between rich and poor Bread and circuses Gladiatorial shows Crisis and the Late Empire Unstable succession Invasions on many sides Decline in trade Labor shortage The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine end of the 3rd century; beginning of 4th Diocletian and Constantine and The Late Empire New governmental and economic systems New state religion Both enlarged the administrative bureaucracies Larger army New Capital – Byzantium (Constantinople) Shortage of labor and a “caste” system Revival: Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Fall of Rome Fall of Rome Fall of Rome The Empire in Crisis: 3c The End of the Western Roman Empire Empire divided into Western and Eastern Invasions in the west Huns Visigoths Burgundians Vandals Ostrogoths Possible Hypotheses for the collapse of Rome Lack of innovation. Best indicator, the total lack of interest in geography. Slavery. The attitude that any services could be bought, and therefore Romans need not bother with practical matters. Religious cultism and mysticism Lead poisoning? (not from lead pipe but from leadbased ceramic glazes) Transformation of the Roman World: The Development of Christianity Religious World of the Romans Polytheistic Importance of proper ritual Toleration Mystery religions from the east ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Later Restored Roman Empire The Jewish Background By 6 C.E. Judea was made a Roman province Unrest among the Jews Sadducees favored cooperation with the Romans Pharisees wanted Judaea free of the Romans but did not advocate violence Essenes awaited a messiah Zealots were militant extremists advocating the violent overthrow of the Romans Revolt of Jews in 66 was crushed by Romans four years later The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was destroyed The Rise of Christianity Jesus of Nazareth (c. 6 B.C.E.-29 C.E.), Christos Jesus’ message Romans saw a potential revolutionary Paul of Tarsus (c. 5-c. 67) Preach the message to all, not just Jews Spread of Christianity Increasing intolerance of Christianity by the Romans Would not worship state gods or the imperial cult Refusal of Christians to recognize other gods Persecution never systematic The Rise of Christianity The Spread of Christianity Triumph of Christianity Growth of hierarchy Promised salvation Another mystery religion Filled a need to belong Renewed persecution in the 3rd century Constantine and toleration Comparison of the Roman and Han Empires Although little contact between the two they had similarities Both lasted for centuries Both centralized control Elaborate road systems Spread their art and culture to provinces Family unit the most important structure to transmit values Differences Social mobility more limited in China Merchants more highly regarded in Rome Ruled from a divine mandate Both empires will eventually weaken and fall Discussion Questions How did the geography of Italy affect Roman development? Give a brief description of the Punic Wars and the reasons why Rome went to war with the Carthaginians. How did expansion undermine Republican institutions? What led to the third century crisis? How did the Romans respond to threats facing their empire? How would you explain the growth of Christianity in the second and third centuries? How did its appeal change as it grew?
