Download Biochemistry Test Review

Name: ________________________ Period: ____
Summer Home Assignment AP Biology
Summer- Guided Reading sheet Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4 Campbell 8th edition
Or Mader Chapter 1, 2, and 3. (2015)
Summer Assignments:
MATERIALS: large spiral notebook, Campbell textbook w/ CD, internet access and printer
You will read and create
Cornell notes for Chapters 1-5
and 8 in the Campbell text or 1, 2 and 3 of Mader .
You will create an appropriate Cornell sheet in the spiral notebook provided to
you for chapter notes.
**Your Cornell sheet should be sub-divided by chapter and section. Example
1.2, 1.2, 2.4 and 3.5. You will skip a line between sections. At the end of each
chapter notes summarize in 50words or less the main points of the chapter.
Leave one blank page between each chapter. The blank pages will be utilized
during the year to add additional notes as needed. The notebook will become
an important resource for you to review for the AP exam. **
**** Guided reading questions are provided for you below to assist in obtaining
the main points of the chapters in your Cornell notes. Utilize these sheets to
review the notes for a test the first day of class.
Directions: Study your notes. Below is a collection of questions to prepare for the test. This is a pretty darn
good representation of the facts you need to know for the test. You will also be asked to be able to APPLY
these facts. I am also counting on you to know the important elements of performing an experiment. Know
how to make a hypothesis, construct a procedure, and identify the independent variable, dependent variable,
and constants in an experiment. Be able to interpret data, correctly make a graph, and draw a conclusion.
Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4. Campbell’s 8th Ed.
C H O P K I N S Mg Na Cl
1. What are the identities of the above atoms?
2. Identify the atomic number, atomic mass, #protons, electrons, and neutrons of the above atoms in
their non-radioactive state.
3. What is an isotope?
4. What are some ways that a radioactive isotope of an element can be useful to scientists?
5. Explain how the above atoms form bonds with other atoms and why.
6. Differentiate between atoms, molecules, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds.
7. Compare ionic and covalent bonds, and give several examples.
8. Compare nonpolar and polar substances.
9. CO2 is a nonpolar compound, but is very soluble in water. How can this be?
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What is the connection between bond polarity and hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic molecules?
Why are most compounds with ionic bonds also hydrophilic?
What are hydrogen bonds? How do they differ from ionic and covalent bonds?
List at least four emergent properties of water and describe them.
Compare cohesion with adhesion, as it relates to water.
Explain the molecular mechanics of transpiration in plants.
Why are Vitamins A and E stored for a long time in the body, whereas C and D must be replaced
daily?
17. What are acids? What are neutrals? What are bases? What are buffers?
18. What is the pH scale? What does pH stand for?
19. What is neutralization?
20. Make sure you know what carbonic acid is; also sodium bicarbonate.
21. Be able to convert moles to mass and vice versa for substances such as H2O, C6H12O6, NaCl, etc.
22. Be able to determine the molarity of a solution, based upon #grams of a substance dissolved in a
volume of solution.
23. What characteristics of carbon make it the central element of organic compounds?
24. Describe Stanley Millers ground-breaking experiment in 1953 and what its significance was.
25. What are hydrocarbons?
Name: ________________________ Period: ____
Summer Home Assignment AP Biology
26. Know the following functional groups - hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, phosphate, carbonyl, carboxyl, and
amino.
27. What is the difference between hydroxyl and hydroxy?
28. What is the difference between aldehydes and ketones?
29. What are esters, and how are they related to the carboxyl group?
30. Name a carboxylic acid used on salads.
31. What are enantiomers?
32. What is the general formula for a simple sugar? How does this change with each sugar linked in
polymerization reactions?
33. What are carbohydrates that are a) monomers?
b) dimers? (double monomers)? c) polymers?
34. Name the bond types between monosaccharides in a polysaccharide.
35. What are several types of carbohydrate polymers and what are their roles in living things?
36. What is an alternative name for "starch" that identifies it as a type of poly-sugar (based on the
suffix)?
37. What would be the name of an enzyme that digests starch, based on #33?
38. What are the monomeric units of proteins? Describe the bonds between them.
39. How are these monomeric units alike? how do they differ from each other?
40. What is a generic name for all protein molecules, based on the monomers that are linked in their
structure?
41. What roles do proteins fill in supporting life?
42. What are the individual components of a triglyceride?
43. Why is one end of a triglyceride somewhat polar, whereas the other end is completely nonpolar?
44. How does the structure of a triglyceride contribute to the formation of a bilayer in an aqueous
solution?
45. What are some lipids that are not triglycerides? What are their roles in living things?
46. Compare the properties of saturated and unsaturated fats.
47. What are nucleic acids and of what monomers are they made?
48. What are the three subunits of a single monomer in a nucleic acid?
49. Why is the bond between adjacent nucleotides referred to as a "phospho-diester bond"?
50. Name and describe the kind of chemical reaction occurring when monomers are linked to make a
polymer.
51. Name and describe the type of chemical reaction occurring when a polymer is digested into its
components / monomers.
52. Define and differentiate between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure in
proteins. Be sure you can apply the terms peptide bond, alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet,
configuration, disulfide bridge, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic.
53. How is sickle cell anemia related to protein structure of hemoglobin?
54. What are enzymes? VERY basically, how do they work?
CHAPTER 5
1. explain how monosaccharides can be recognized by their molecular formulae.
2. recognize the structural formula of glucose.
3. recognize the formulae and explain the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides.
4. explain how disaccharides and polysaccharides can be synthesized from monosaccharides.
5. list some uses for monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides in living
things.
6. list three examples of monosaccharides.
7. list three examples of disaccharides and their specific uses.
8. list three examples of polysaccharides and their specific uses.
9. define and explain the difference between a hydrolysis reaction and a dehydration synthesis reaction.
10. explain how lipids are classified.
11. recognize that oils and waxes are lipids and explain the basic difference between them.
12. explain the basic differences in structure and function between triglycerides, phospholipids, and
steroid compounds.
13. describe the basic structure of proteins and recognize that these are formed from amino acid
subunits.
14. recognize that twenty different kinds of amino acids exist and that these amino acids are different
Name: ________________________ Period: ____
Summer Home Assignment AP Biology
because they have different side chains or groups.
15. describe the basic structure of an amino acid.
16. name specific proteins and list several functions of proteins to living things.
17. distinguish between the following levels of protein structure; primary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary.
18. state two different nucleic acids.
19. recognize that nucleic acids are formed from nucleotide subunits.
20. describe the basic structure of a nucleotide.
CHAPTER 8
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the
explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in the energy exchanges of cellular metabolism.
distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
explain why highly ordered living systems do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.
distinguish between the terms entropy and enthalpy.
write the Gibbs equation for free energy change and explain this equation.
explain and correctly construct potential energy diagrams for endothermic and exothermic
reactions.
distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
describe the influence of enzymes on chemical reactions and represent this influence on a potential
energy diagram.
describe the basic structure of an enzyme.
define the terms substrate and active site.
describe the lock and key hypothesis of enzyme function and explain why this hypothesis is no
longer considered correct.
describe the induced fit model of enzyme function. (This is the currently accepted explanation.)
compare and contrast competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes.
explain what allosteric effects are in relation to enzyme function.
recognize that most enzymes function best at a neutral pH and explain why this is so.
recognize the effects of temperature on the function of most enzymes and relate these effects to
kinetic molecular theory when appropriate.
38. define the term denaturization.
39. recognize the effects when a fixed amount of enzyme is placed with an excess of substrate and
explain why these effects occur.
40. recognize the effects when a fixed amount of substrate is placed with an excess of enzyme and
explain why these effects occur.
41. describe the role of coenzymes and cofactors in relation to the structure and function of enzymes.
42. explain how enzyme activity can be regulated by environmental conditions, cofactors, enzyme
inhibitors, and allosteric regulators.
43. distinguish between allosteric activation and cooperativity.
44. explain how metabolic pathways are regulated by feedback inhibition.
Credit for these questions goes to Mr. Buckley of Edward Knox Central School.