Download Lecture exam #2 review guide: covered chapters 17, 22, 23

Lecture exam #2 review guide:
covered chapters 17, 22, 23
Make sure you have read these chapters, then review the powerpoints and your lecture notes, then go back and
make sure you can answer these questions. Read it, paraphase it, write it! and draw it!
Ch 17: Special Senses - Know these vocab words: Olfactory, Gustatory, G-protein, Otolith, Otic, Optic
Myopia, hyperopia, keratotomy, lacrimal, astigmatism, tympanic, round window,
oval window.
Olfactory (smell) – 100 million receptors, processing bypasses thalamus, what happens when odorant binds?
How do G proteins participate in this?
Gustation (taste) – where on tongue to 5 flavors concentrate? Which type of papillae have the taste buds
What happens when a taste molecule binds a receptor? What is a G protein?
Optic (vision) - What are the accessory features to the eye (lacrimal glands, rectus muscles)
Inverted image focuses on retina, What happens in the rods and cone cells?
Where does the image reach focal point in myopia? In hyperopia?
What is it called when pressure of the vitreous humor is too high?
Why can you see better in the dark if you look off to the side?
Which nerves control pupil constriction? Dilation?
Which cells “see” color
Do carrots really improve your vision?
Otic (hearing and balance) – What are the auditory ossicles.
What does the tympanic membrane do? What does the stapes do? What window is compressed to
transduce sound to the hair cells, Which surface do the hair cells rub against? Where in the cochlea
are high sounds received?
What middle ear organ allows us to perceive orientation in space? How does this work.
CH 22: Lymphatic system: Vocab: lymph, cytotoxic, apoptosis, anergy, NK cell, B cell, T cell, tonsil,
interleukins, leukotrienes, interferons, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor, colony stimulating factor, antigen,
antibody, lymphoid organs, opsonization.
▫ List the innate (non-adaptive) defenses our body uses to protect itself from pathogens.
▫ Plot out the 3 lines of defense: 1 innate (membranes), 2 innate (proteins and phagosomes), 3 adaptive (B and T)
▫ Plot out the roles of cells in the immune system:
NK cells - police, seek out and destroy cancerous or virally infected cells
B-cells – like medieval archers-shoot antibodies –long range . memory?
T-cells – like foot soldiers, engage in hand to hand combat. Like officers, recruit other cells to fight.
Subcategories: T- helpers, cytotoxic T cells, T- suppressor cells, T-memory cells
APC (antigen presenting cells) - Dendritic cells and some macrophages. Type II MHC displays antigen to
activate T cells. T-cells must be activated by APCs along with cytokines (safety)
▫ Plot out the “training” of a T-cell. Where does this occur? How must antigen be presented? What tests must
a T-cell pass before it is allowed to reproduce (clone). What happens if a T-cell displays receptors to selfantigens?
What type of antibodies are there? IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE. Which one comes first?
What are the differences?
How long does it take to mount an effective immune response - during first exposure?
Upon later exposure?
Response to bacteria: 1st time
What do the interferons (Paul Revere) do to warn neighboring cells of viral infection
Where do we see Interleukin -2 used?
Where do we see Interleukin 6 used?
What cells display CD4 receptor?
What cells display CD8 receptor
Which virus targets CD4 receptor to invade T-cells?
Chapter 23: The Respiratory System:
Vocab: Boyles law, Henry’s law, diffusion, alveoli, TB, lamina propria, conchae, meatus,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii, bronchioles, asthma, pleural sac, compliance, tidal volume, residual
volume, vital capacity, Dalton’s law of partial pressures, surfactant. VRG,
Figures 23-16 , 23-17 , 23-22 , 23-23
23-24
Effect of BPG on hemoglobin, response of blood to hypoxia, characteristics of fetal hemoglobin.
Carbonic acid equilibrium and transport of CO2 .
Where are the respiratory control centers in the brain?
What is quiet breathing?
What is forced breathing?
Why does breathing into a bag reduce hyperventilations?
What is apnea?
What are the breathing reflexes?
What does emphysema do to your lungs?
What does TB do to your lungs?
Why is breathing pure oxygen for a long time not a good idea?
What purpose do the nasal conchae serve?
Why are there tracts of ciliated pseudostratefied epithelial cells in your lungs?
What initiates a sneeze?
What happens to respiratory rythym during a cough?
What is a hiccup?
How does pH effect O2 saturation of hemoglobin? (ie What is the Bohr effect?)
How can innervation of the bronchioles effect airway resistance?
What are the effects of epinephrine, histamine, and albuterol on airway diameter?
Where is the respiratory zone of the lungs?
Immune system study tools
Your book may have come with a 10 lesson DVD called Interactive Physiology. The coverage of
materials on the immune system will help you organize a complex topic.
If you did not get an IP CD with your text, but bought the book new, the Online resources for the Martini text
will guide you to the IP website:
http://www.interactivephysiology.com/ip10/
The page will ask you for the same login information that you use to access the Pearson/Cummings My A & P
Martini resources. If you have not accessed the resources for the online book, I encourage you to do so.
Once you have obtained the CD/DVD or are on the website. I recommend going through lesson 10 (immune
system) in the following order:
Immune system overview ( 11 slides)
3 main lines of defense: 1) Innate surface barriers 2) Macrophages, NK Killer cells 3) Adaptive
response
Innate Host defenses (25 slides)
Surface Barriers, Phagocytes, NK cells, Interferons, Complement, Inflammation, Fever
Common Characteristics of B and T lymphocytes (18 slides)
Antigen receptors, self vs non-self, clonal selection, primary and secondary responses
Humoral Immunity (16 slides)
Mediated by B cells-, secrete antibodies, 5 types of antibodies, activation of B cells, conversion to
plasma cells
Active humoral immunity (getting the disease), Passive humoral immunity (vaccine)
Cellular Immunity (17 slides)
Mediated by T lymphocytes, T- killer cells (cytotoxic T cells), T-helper cells, T-suppressor cells.
Cytokines, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) , CD4 and CD8 cells, Regulatory T cells
Once you have reviewed the animations in these slides and become introduced to the terminology, re-read the
Chapter in your Martini text (Chapter 22). It should start to become more clear. Then review the lymphatic
system powerpoint from the lab to review the organs of the lymphatic system where the immune system hangs
out.
Next, arrange your own overview of the immune system to cement your understanding.
Then try the practice quizzes online on the Martini book site
(http://wps.aw.com/wps/media/access/Pearson_Default/5116/5239599/login.html)
And the Interactive Physiology quizzes (left hand side of Martini book site for link)
Take the time to adequately prepare yourself for our next exam. Assess before the test!!!!!!!!!