Download Immunology targets: Explain the role of pathogens in illness

Immunology targets:
1. Explain the role of pathogens in illness
2. Describe the relationship between antigens and antibodies
3. Describe autoimmune diseases
4. Propose the sequence of events that the immune system takes to fight an infection
the first time, the second time, and after a vaccine
(Notebook paper, fold hotdog, cut first line and every third line from fold to margin. Cut along fold = 2 12 tab lists. Line of glue down uncut side and into
notebook. Write word on front and definition in notebook under tab.)
Pathogen – organism that causes illness
Bacteria – unicellular, prokaryotic
Virus – non-living, nucleic acids wrapped in protein
Parasite – organisms that live on or inside other organisms
Infection – invasion by a pathogen
Immune System – body system that protects the body from pathogens
Mucous membranes – Internal body surfaces that come into contact with
the environment
Inflammatory response – redness, swelling, and heat (or fever) at the site of
an infection
Leukocytes – white blood cells – soldiers of immune system that attack
pathogens
Phagocytes –leukocyte that engulf any pathogens to destroy them
Natural killer cells – leukocytes that destroy your own cells infected
with any pathogen
Macrophages – leukocytes that engulf any pathogens and display their
antigens
Immune response – attack on specific pathogens
Antigen – marker proteins that trigger an immune response
Antibodies – Y shaped proteins that bind to specific antigens
Lymphocytes – leukocytes that attack specific pathogens
T-Cell – regulate immune response and kill your cells infected with
specific pathogens
B-Cell - Make the antibodies that kill specific pathogens
Memory Cells – B and T cells for specific pathogens that are stored to
be used next time
Vaccine – solution with harmless pathogens
Immunity – resistance to an illness
Antibiotics – medicines that attack bacteria, useless against viruses.
Allergy – Immune response to something that is not a pathogen
Autoimmune Disease – disease caused when you make antibodies to “self”
Other words in the book – do you know them?
-Epidermis
-Cilia
-Puncture
-Acid
-Secreted
-Consume
-Epithelial
-Phagocytosis
-Impermeable
-Pus
-Nasal
-Homeostasis
-Enzyme
-Recognition
-Pharynx
-Blood transfusion
-Respiratory tract
-Capillaries
- Nonspecific
- Specific
-influenza
-expelled
-transform
-engulf
-defenses
-viral
-stimulate
In: Describe 3 things that you are told to do to avoid getting sick. Show the video on germ theory.
Germ Theory (Louis Pasteur 1822-1895)
 A specific microorganism causes a specific disease
 Germ = pathogen= disease causing microorganism
 If you prevent contamination by the microorganism, you prevent the
disease
 Led to washing, treating disease with medicines (antibiotics),
pasteurization
Thinking of the things you are told to do to avoid getting sick, how well are
those actions supported by the germ theory?
Susie says she was out sledding, got sweaty and cold, and so she caught a
cold. Using the germ theory, explain what is wrong with her conclusion.
On your IN page, list out the entire alphabet.
Play the HIV simulation with one person
infected. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/immunology/activities/AIDS2001/cf/control.cfm Fill in
with the alphabet. Show first elisa results and then stop when you get to the epidemiology screen. Use
your listed alphabet to eliminate who could not be the initial carrier of the disease.
Based on your results, who was the initially infected person? Go to the elisa
results to see if you are right.
Timeline of an infection:
What pathogen does
1. Pathogen gets to your body
2. Pathogen gets inside your
body
3. Pathogen survives initial
defenses of your body
4. Pathogen multiplies and
starts destroying tissue
What your body does
Your body tries to block it with external
barriers
Your body tries to kill it with general
attacks – innate response
Uh-oh! You didn’t kill it. You start feeling
sick.
Your body finds a specific attack and
fights back - acquired response
Innate Response
 Non-Specific – always there, fights anything invading, quick
 Prevent infection from getting inside
o Skin
o Mucous membranes and cilia
 Kill it before it can multiply
o Phagocytes
o Natural killer cells
o Inflammatory response
o Macrophages
Their display of antigens activates the acquired response
Acquired Response
 Specific Responses– must be made, fights only a specific invader,
slow
 Pathogen has already multiplied and caused damage; you are sick
 Free roaming pathogens
o The antigen on the pathogen triggers body to make specific
antibodies
o Antibody and antigen fit together like lock & key/enzyme &
substrate
o Antibodies cause the pathogen to clump and not move.
o Makes it easier for leukocytes to find and destroy it.
o B cell make antibodies, but it takes time to make the right B
cell
 Pathogens hidden inside cells
o T Cells use receptors (not antibodies) to find cells infected
with specific pathogens and then kills the infected cell
o Receptor fits to parts of pathogen (lock & key/ enzyme &
substrate)
o Takes time to make the right T cell
o HIV mainly infects these cells
 Memory cells – B and T cells that do not fight but remain to fight
second infections
o If the same thing infects, the B and T cells are ready to fight
it immediately.
o You may not even know you were infected, as you might
not even get sick
o Vaccines are injected into your body so your body will
make the memory cells.
Ideas for further work
Story book Review – DONE- Draw a story book, showing what tried to stop me along the way. Title
page (then blank). Introduction of the rhinovirus. Page on what will try to stop me before I get into
you, page on what will try to stop me once I get in, Page showing that I’ve infected your lungs and you
are sick. Page showing what tries to stop me specifically now that I’ve made you sick. Page that
shows what will happen if I try to infect you again.
Vaccine Activity – see share drive.
Chart – Part of Immune system, primary or secondary immune response
antibody, B cell, inflammatory response, macrophage, Memory cells, mucous membrane, natural killer
cells, Phagocyte, Receptors, skin, T cell, vaccine.
Venn Diagram Primary vs secondary immune response, or compare and contrast?
I’m a rhinovirus, which means I infect your nose. You know me as the common cold. I got sneezed
near you. Place in order the things I will encounter that will try to prevent me from getting you sick.