Download Chapter 14

14 - Social Behavior
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Define social psychology.
State the needs that appear to be satisfied by affiliation and describe research indicating humans have a need to
affiliate.
Describe social comparison theory.
List and describe the factors that affect interpersonal attraction. Include a description of homogamy.
Explain self-disclosure and discuss the effects of varying degrees of disclosure on interpersonal relationships.
Describe Rubin's studies of romantic love. Discuss the differences between loving and liking and between
male and female friendships (including the term mutual absorption).
Define the term evolutionary psychology and describe how it explains the different mating preferences of
males and females.
Define the following terms:
a. social roles
b. ascribed roles
c. achieved roles
d. role conflict
e. group structure
f. group cohesiveness
g. status
h. norm
Define attribution and state the difference between external and internal causes.
Explain the fundamental attribution error. Include the concept of the double-standard.
State the meaning of social influence.
Describe Asch's experiment on conformity.
Define groupthink and explain how it may contribute to poor decision-making.
Explain how group sanctions and unanimity affect conformity.
Describe Milgram's study of obedience.
Identify the factors which affect the degree of obedience.
Explain how compliance differs from simple conformity.
Describe the following methods of gaining compliance:
a. foot-in-the-door
b. door-in-the-face
c. low-ball technique
Describe passive compliance and briefly explain how it applies to everyday behavior.
Describe assertiveness training. Include the concept of self-assertion and contrast it with aggression.
Define attitude. Describe the belief, emotional, and action components of an attitude.
List, describe, and give examples of six ways in which attitudes are acquired.
Describe the relationship between attitudes and behavior.
Define reference groups and membership groups.
Define persuasion and list three factors in understanding the success or failure of persuasion.
List nine conditions that encourage attitude change.
Explain cognitive dissonance theory.
List five strategies for reducing dissonance.
Describe the effect of reward or justification on dissonance.
Differentiate between brainwashing and other forms of persuasion.
Explain how beliefs may unfreeze, change, and refreeze, and indicate how permanent the attitude changes
brought about by brainwashing are.
Describe how cults are able to recruit, convert, and retain their members.
Define and differentiate between prejudice and discrimination.
Explain how scapegoating relates to prejudice.
Distinguish between personal and group prejudices.
Describe the characteristic beliefs (including ethnocentrism) and childhood experiences of the authoritarian
personality.
Present the major characteristics of social stereotypes and indicate how they may lead to intergroup conflicts.
Include a description of symbolic prejudice.
Explain how status inequalities may lead to the development of stereotypes and how equal-status contact may
reduce intergroup tension. Give an example of each situation.
Define superordinate goals. Include an explanation of how they can reduce conflict and hostility.
Explain how a jigsaw classroom utilizes superordinate goals and helps reduce prejudice.
Define aggression. Discuss how instincts and biology affect aggression.
State the frustration-aggression hypothesis. Indicate why it may or may not be true.
1
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
Discuss how frustration, in the presence of aversive stimuli, can encourage aggression.
Explain how the weapons effect encourages aggression.
Discuss how social learning theory explains aggression.
Explain how television may serve as a disinhibiting factor with respect to aggression, and present evidence to
support the viewpoint that watching television can cause a desensitization to violence.
Briefly list six ways in which parents can buffer the impact of television on children’s behavior.
Discuss the warning signs of school violence. Indicate how school violence can be prevented.
Define prosocial behavior. Give an example of bystander apathy, and indicate the major factor, which
determines whether or not help will be given.
Describe four conditions that need to exist before bystanders are likely to give help. Indicate how the presence
of other people can influence apathy.
Discuss how heightened and empathetic arousal affect helping behavior. Include the concept of the empathyhelping relationship.
Define the term multiculturalism.
Discuss seven ways in which a person can become more tolerant.
Explain how a person can develop cultural awareness.
2