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Population Genetics • • • • • • • • • Population Genetics Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Microevolution Mutation Genetic Drift Migration Non-random mating Natural selection Heterozygote advantage Population Genetics • • • • Population gene pool allele frequency polymorphism Determining allele frequency • starch gel electrophoresis DNA Markers Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium • gene and genotype frequency do not change due to sexual reproduction alone • • • • • • Five assumptions large population no selection no mutation no migration random mating Hardy-Weinberg • allele frequency: p + q = 1.0 • genotype frequency: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0 determine if population is in HW equilibrium Multiple alleles Calculations • recessive allele frequency • heterozygote frequency • sex-linked genes and allele frequency Heterozygotes Microevolution • Change in allele frequencies • 5 mechanisms • Which assumption not valid? Mutation • Mutation rate (µ): 10-5 to 10-6 per generation • Pt = Poe-µt t= # of generations • To reduce P by ½, if µ= 10-5 & Po =0.96 • Requires 69,000 generations • Mutation source of genetic variation does not really cause rapid evolutionary change Gene Flow • homogenizing force • calculate changes in allele frequency due to migration • ∆p = m(pm – po) • M= fraction of migrants to original population • Pm= allele freq of migrating population • Po= allele freq of original population Migration B allele of Blood types Genetic Drift • small population • fixed alleles and extinction Genetic Drift • founder effect • bottleneck effect Non-Random Mating • • • • assortative mating loss of heterozygotes disassortative mating Inbreeding depression • Higher levels of genetic diseases Natural selection • Differential reproductive success • Selection coefficient • Relative fitness of genotypes Complete selection against recessive qn = qo/ (1+ nqo) Selection Calculating relative fitness Heterozygote advantage Heterozygote advantage • Sickle cell anemia • balanced polymorphism • Why is Hbs maintained in the population? • What happens in US to allele frequency? • Qeq = S1/ (S1 + S2)