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Biology 20I
JOURNAL ASSIGNMENT
1. Define the following terms:
a. element
b. covalent bond
c. ion
d. acid
e.
f.
g.
h.
atom
base
isotope
pH scale
i. compound
j. buffer
k. ionic bond
2. State one role for each of the following elements:
a. sulfur
b. calcium
c. phosphorus
d. iron
e. sodium
3. Draw and label a diagram of water molecules. Show their polarity and hydrogen bond
formation.
4. What is the role of water as a coolant, medium for metabolic reactions, and transport
medium in living things.
5. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
6. Define the terms monomer, polymer, and isomer.
7. Identify and describe the chemical reaction by which organic polymers are synthesized,
and the reaction by which they are broken down.
8. Describe the general composition of carbohydrates, and the primary function of these
molecules in cells.
9. Describe three classes of carbohydrates and give three examples of each.
10. State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose
and cellulose in plants.
11. Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships
a. between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides;
b. between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides;
c. between amino acids and polypeptides.
12. What is the difference between the composition of a lipid and the composition of a
carbohydrate? How are they different in terms of energy storage?
13. Describe the composition of a fat. State three functions.
14. Distinguish between a saturated and an unsaturated fat; and describe the health
significance of a diet high in saturated fats.
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15. Describe the composition and function of phospholipids.
16. Describe the composition and functions of steroids.
17. Identify at least five functions of proteins in living organisms.
18. Identify the monomers of which proteins are formed, and the number of different
monomers possible.
19. Define the terms peptide bond and polypeptide.
20. Explain why there is almost infinite variety possible in proteins.
21. Describe denaturation of a protein, and identify agents, which denature proteins.
22. Explain the four levels of protein structure, indicating the significance of each level
23. Outline the difference between fibrous and globular proteins, with reference to two
examples of each protein type.
24. Explain the significance of polar and non-polar amino acids.
25. Identify two nucleic acids found in cells.
26. Identify the presence of sugar, starch, protein and fat in known and unknown samples by
performing the following laboratory tests:
a. Benedict's test for reducing sugars
b. iodine test for starch
c. biuret test for protein
d. translucence test for fat
e. Sudan IV test for fat
27. For each of the chemical tests listed in objective 19, describe a positive and a negative
test result.
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Lesson 2 Enzymes
1.
Describe the effect of the following factors on the rate of a chemical reaction:
a. temperature
b. concentration of reactants
c. particle size
d. presence of a catalyst
2.
Define the following terms:
a. activation energy
b. catalyst
c. enzyme
d. cofactor
3.
Define the following terms and use them to explain how an enzyme catalyzes a chemical
reaction:
a. active site
b. product
c. substrate
d. "lock and key" model
e. enzyme-substrate complex
f. "induced fit" model
4.
Describe how the active site relates to the specificity of enzyme action.
5.
State how a term that identifies an enzyme can usually be recognized.
6.
Explain, with the aid of graphs, the effect of each of the following on an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction:
a. temperature
b. pH
c. enzyme concentration (assuming unlimited substrate)
d. substrate concentration (assuming limited enzyme)
7.
Define denaturation
8.
Describe feedback inhibition (negative feedback) as a method of enzyme regulation.
9.
Explain the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition, with reference
to one example of each.
10. Explain the control of metabolic pathways by end-product inhibition, including the role of
allosteric sites.
11. Explain the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk.
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1.
Lesson 3 Photosynthesis
Define photosynthesis and state the equation, which summarizes the process.
2.
Describe the structure and function of an ATP molecule.
3.
Describe the roles of the following pigments in photosynthesis:
a. chlorophyll a
b. chlorophyll b
c. accessory pigments (carotenoids and xanthophylls).
4.
Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue and green light by chlorophyll.
5.
Identify the wavelengths (colours) of light most effective in photosynthesis.
6.
Explain the relationship between the action spectrum and the absorption spectrum of
photosynthetic pigments in green plants.
7.
Identify the following components of a chloroplast (draw a simple diagram):
a. stroma
b. grana
c. thylakoid membranes
8.
Define the following terms:
a. phosphorylation
b. NAD+/NADP+
c. oxidation
d. photosystem
9.
e. reduction
f. photolysis
g. electron transport system
Identify the two components (reactions) of photosynthesis and where they occur.
10. Summarize the major events occurring in the light-dependent reactions. Include the photoactivation
of photosystem II, photolysis of water, electron transport, cyclic and non-cyclic
photophosphorylation, photoactivation of photosystem I, and reduction of NADP+.
11. Describe where in the chloroplast where the light dependent processes occur.
12. Identify the three end products of light-dependent reactions and explain the fate of each molecule.
13. Explain photophosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.
14. Summarize the major events occurring in the light-independent reactions (Calvin Benson Cycle).
15. Explain the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and its function.
16. Identify the three end products of the Calvin Benson Cycle.
17. Identify at least four uses of PGAL.
18. Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of
photosynthesis.
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Lesson 4 Cell Respiration
1. Outline the relationship between the laws of thermodynamics and cell metabolism.
2. Define cellular respiration and explain how it releases energy for cell use.
3.
a.
b.
c.
Define the following terms:
catabolism
phosphorylation
anabolism
d. electron transport
e. oxidation
f. aerobic respiration
g. reduction
h. anaerobic respiration
4. Identify the sites of cellular respiration in the cell.
2. Describe the general function of the adenosine triphosphate molecule and explain how its structure relates to
its role as an energy source for living things.
3. Relate oxidation of fuel molecules to the synthesis of ATP.
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
Describe glycolysis with reference to:
location
end products
starting molecule
amount of ATP produced
Explain how glycolysis is modified during anaerobic respiration, and indicate the end products of
fermentation by yeasts and by skeletal muscles.
6. Distinguish, in general terms, between aerobic and anaerobic respiration and fermentation in plants,
animals and yeast
7. Describe Krebs cycle with reference to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
location
end products
starting molecule
amount of ATP produced
8. Describe the electron transport system (cytochrome enzyme system) with reference to:
How glucose is oxidized during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to produce reducing power in NADH
and FADH; and describe where in the cell these processes occur
a.
b.
c.
d.
location
end products
starting molecule
amount of ATP produced
9. Identify the final electron acceptor in anaerobic and in aerobic respiration
Explain, in general terms, how chemiosmosis converts the reducing power of NADH and FADH to
store chemical potential energy as ATP; and describe where in the mitochondrion these processes
occur
10. Calculate the net ATP yield of the complete respiration of one molecule of glucose.
11. State the overall equation for the complete oxidation of glucose.
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12. Explain which of the three sets of reactions (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport) produces the
greatest amount of ATP and why.
13. Briefly describe the link between chemiosmosis and ATP formation in the mitochondrion.
14. Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.
15. Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function.
16. Explain how fuels other than glucose may enter the pathway of cellular respiration, e.g. glycogen,
fats, proteins.
17. Compare cellular respiration with combustion.
18. Compare cellular respiration with photosynthesis
19. Outline six uses of energy from ATP and explain the role of ATP in cellular metabolism
a.
active transport
b.
cytoplasmic streaming
c.
phagocytosis
d.
biochemical synthesis
e.
muscle contraction
f.
heat production.
20. Explain the effects of environmental pollutants such as cyanide, fluoride and carbon monoxide on
cellular respiration.
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