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4th- 9 Week’s Exam Study Guide 4th Nine Weeks Study Guide 1.During what stage of the cell cycle does replication occur? 2.What are chromatids? 3.What forms around the chromatids during mitosis? 4.In Mendel’s experiments, what proportion of the plants in the F2 generation had a trait that had been absent in the F1 generation? 5.Factors that control traits are called 6.Scientists call an organism that has two different alleles for a trait a 7.What does the notation TT mean to geneticists? 8.What is probability? 9.What does a Punnett square show? 10.If a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) is crossed with a homozygous white guinea pig (bb), what is the probability that an offspring will have black fur? 11.What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? 12.What happens during meiosis? 13.When sex cells combine to produce offspring, each sex cell will contribute 14.A mutation is harmful to an organism if it 15.Which term refers to physical characteristics that are studied in genetics? 16.The different forms of a gene are called 17.An organism’s genotype is its 18.Chromosomes are made up of 19.Which of these traits is controlled by a gene with multiple alleles? 20.What are multiple alleles? 21.Why does height in humans have such a wide variety of phenotypes? 22.What controls variations in skin color among humans? 23.What factors can affect a person’s height? 24.Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than in females? 25.How does a geneticist use pedigrees? 26.What is a pedigree? 27.What is a karyotype? 28.Cloning results in two organisms that are 29.What is a genome? 30.Both parents of a child have type A blood. What might their child’s blood type be? 31.Sex-linked genes are genes on 32.In an attempt to produce a potato that tastes good and also resists disease, plant breeders crossed a potato variety that tastes good with a variety that resists disease. This technique is an example of 33.Which form of selective breeding crosses parents with the same or similar sets of alleles? 34.A carrier is a person who has 35.What must occur for a girl to be colorblind? 36.Hemophilia is caused by a(n) 37.Down syndrome most often occurs when 38.What genetic disorder results in abnormally shaped blood cells? 39.Many characteristics are affected by interactions between genes and 40.Adults with Down syndrome can often find work because they have received Modified True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true. 41.When Mendel crossed purebred short plants with purebred tall plants, all of the offspring were short. _________________________ 42.A hybrid is the offspring of parents that have different alleles for a trait. _________________________ 43.A pea plant that is heterozygous for tall stems has the alleles Tt. _________________________ 44.A Punnett square shows all the possible combinations of alleles resulting from a cross. _________________________ 45.An organism’s phenotype is its allele combinations. _________________________ 46.The sex cells produced by meiosis have twice the number of chromosomes as the parent cells. _________________________ 47.Chromosomes carry genes from parents to offspring. _________________________ 48.The number of DNA bases along a gene specifies the type of protein that will be produced. _________________________ 49.A mutation in a sex cell can be passed to offspring. _________________________ 50.Even if a gene has multiple alleles, a person cannot have more than three of those alleles. _________________________ 51.Traits that have many different phenotypes, such as height and skin color, are often controlled by a single gene. _________________________ 52.A person’s environment can affect his or her genotype for certain traits, such as height. _________________________ 53.Sex-linked traits that are controlled by recessive alleles are more likely to show up in males. _________________________ 54.A male is represented by a square in a pedigree. _________________________ 55.A genetic disorder in which an abnormal form of hemoglobin is produced is hemophilia. _________________________ 56.A doctor can look at the chromosomes of a cell in a karyotype. _________________________ 57. The technique called cloning produces an organism that is genetically identical to its parent. _________________________ 58.Except for identical twins, all people have the same DNA. _________________________ 59. The goal of DNA fingerprinting is to identify the DNA sequence of every gene. _________________________ Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 60. If a(n) ____________________ allele is present, its trait will appear in the organism. 61. A chart used to predict results of genetic crosses is known as a(n) ____________________. 62. In a cross between two hybrid Tt pea plants, ____________________ percent of the offspring will be Tt. 63. An organism that has two dominant or two recessive alleles is said to be ____________________ for that trait. 64. Genes are carried from parents to their offspring on structures called ____________________. 65. The process in which a parent cell divides twice to produce sex cells is called ____________________. 66. If all of the sex cells of an organism have the T allele, the genotype of that organism must be ____________________. 67. The substitution of one base for another during DNA replication is an example of a(n) ____________________. 68. An organism can be heterozygous for some traits and ____________________ for others. 69. The three alleles on the single gene that controls blood type are said to be ____________________ alleles. 70. When many genes control a trait, the trait will show a large number of ____________________. 71. People who have the genetic disorder called ____________________ suffer from abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood. 72. A person who has the genetic disorder called ____________________ bleeds easily. 73. Breeders use a technique called ____________________ to cross genetically different individuals. 74. A selective breeding technique called ____________________ has been used to breed purebred racehorses. 75. A gene is said to have multiple alleles if it has more than ____________________ alleles. 76. A pattern produced from fragments of the DNA of a specific person is called a(n) ____________________. Short Answer Use the diagram to answer each question. 77. Identify the stages of the cell cycle represented by drawings 1–5. 78. Identify structure A and describe its function. 79. Identify the structures labeled B. What do these structures contain? Use the diagram to answer each question. 80. Which trait—white flowers or purple flowers—is controlled by a dominant allele? Which is controlled by a recessive allele? How do you know? 81. In which generation are the parents purebred? In which generation are they hybrids? 82. In the F1 generation, what is the genotype of the offspring? What is their phenotype? 83. In the F2 generation, what percent of the offspring have purple flowers? What is the genotype of the purple-flowered offspring? Use the diagram to answer each question. 84. Which pairs of individuals in the pedigree have children? 85. Which individuals have the trait that is traced by the pedigree? 86. Which individuals are carriers of the trait that is traced by the pedigree? Essay 87. In pea plants, green pod color is controlled by a dominant allele. Yellow is controlled by a recessive allele. Explain why a plant with yellow pods can never be a hybrid. 88. A woman gives birth to a son. Two years later, she gives birth to another son. What is the probability that her third child will be a girl? Explain your reasoning. 89. Explain the function of meiosis. 90. Contrast the effects of harmful and helpful mutations. 91. Human eyes come in a variety of colors ranging from light blue to very dark brown. Explain why eye color is not likely to be controlled by a single gene. 92. Is it possible for a son to inherit an allele on an X chromosome from his father? Explain why or why not. 93. Explain what causes cystic fibrosis and describe its effects on the body. 4th Nine Weeks Study Guide- Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. interphase identical strands of chromosomes two new nuclei one fourth genes hybrid two dominant alleles a number that describes how likely it is than an event will occur all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross 100 percent genes are carried from parent to offspring chromosome pairs separate and are distributed into new sex cells half the number of chromosomes in the body cells reduces the organism chances for survival and reproduction traits alleles m genetic makeup one pair of alleles blood type three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait height is controlled by at least four genes many genes both genes and environmental factors a recessive allele on the x chromosome will always produce the trait in a male to trace the inheritance of traits in humans a chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait a picture of the chromosomes in a cell genetically identical all the DNA in one cell of an organism Type A or type O the x and y chromosomes hybridization inbreeding one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait each parent must have two codominant alleles for colorblindedness recessive allele on the x chromosome chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis sickle cell disease the environment education and job training MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 41. ANS: F, tall 42. 43. 44. 45. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: T T T F, genotype 46. ANS: F, half 47. ANS: T 48. ANS: F, order 49. ANS: T 50. ANS: F, two 51. ANS: F, many genes 52. ANS: F, phenotype 53. ANS: T 54. ANS: T 55. ANS: F sickle-cell disease sickle cell disease 56. ANS: T 57. ANS: T 58. ANS: F, different 59. ANS: F, the Human Genome Project COMPLETION 60. ANS: dominant 61. ANS: Punnett square 62. ANS: 50 fifty 63. ANS: homozygous 64. ANS: chromosomes 65. ANS: meiosis 66. ANS: TT 67. ANS: mutation 68. ANS: homozygous 69. ANS: multiple 70. ANS: phenotypes 71. ANS: sickle-cell disease sickle cell disease 72. ANS: hemophilia 73. ANS: hybridization 74. ANS: inbreeding 75. ANS: two 2 76. ANS: DNA fingerprint SHORT ANSWER 77. ANS: 1 is anaphase. 2 is prophase. 3 is interphase. 4 is telophase. 5 is metaphase. 78. ANS: A is a centromere, which holds the two chromatids of a chromosome together. 79. ANS: The structures are chromatids. They contain condensed chromatin. 80. ANS: White flowers are controlled by a dominant allele. Purple flowers are controlled by a recessive allele. Dominant alleles are represented by capital letters, and recessive alleles are represented by the lowercase versions of the same letters. 81. ANS: The parents in the F1 generation are purebred. The parents in the F2 generation are hybrids. 82. ANS: The genotype is Ww. The phenotype is white flowers. 83. ANS: In the F2 generation, 25% of the offspring have purple flowers. Their genotype is ww. 84. ANS: Pair A and B, pair C and D, pair F and G, and pair H and I have children. 85. ANS: F and J have the trait. 86. ANS: A, C, N, and O are carriers of the trait. ESSAY 87. ANS: Because the allele for yellow is recessive, plants with yellow pods must have two recessive alleles. A hybrid would have one dominant allele and one recessive allele, and would therefore be green. 88. ANS: The probability is 1 in 2, or 50 percent. The two possible results—having a boy or having a girl—are equally likely with each birth. Because each birth is an independent event, the probability that one result will occur does not depend on previous births. 89. ANS: Meiosis ensures that each sex cell gets half the number of chromosomes in a body cell. If meiosis did not occur, the sperm cell and the egg cell would each have the same number of chromosomes as a body cell. When the two cells combined, the offspring would have twice the normal number of chromosomes. 90. ANS: A harmful mutation reduces the organism’s chances for survival and reproduction. A helpful mutation increases an organism’s chances for survival and reproduction. 91. ANS: Traits that show a large number of phenotypes are usually controlled by many genes. With multiple genes and two or more alleles for each gene, there are many possible combinations of alleles and phenotypes. 92. ANS: It is not possible because males only have one X chromosome, which always comes from the mother. 93. ANS: Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive allele that causes the body to produce abnormally thick mucus in the lungs and intestines. People with cystic fibrosis have difficulty breathing.